Chapter 1

it is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

propose reasons for relationships among events, as in perception of a threat can arouse feelings of anxiety

descriptive terms and concepts are interwoven into ___

it is undertaken because the researcher is interested in the topic

designed to find solution to specific personal or social problems

help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life

use interviews and tests to define their clients' problems

employed by school systems to identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning

attempt to facilitate learning, but they usually focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children

study the changes -- physical, cognitive, emotional, social -- that occur throughout the life span

identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thoughts process, feelings, behaviour

concerned with the nature and causes of individuals' thoughts, feelings and behaviour in social situations

study ways that people and the environment influence one another

specializes in basic processes such as nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation and emotion

focuses on relationships between people and at work

make technical systems such as automobile dashboards and computer keyboards more user friendly

study the behaviour of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behaviour

study the effects of stress on health problems such as headaches cardiovascular disease and cacer

apply psychology with the criminal justice system

helps athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd

"Know Thyself"

argued that human behaviour is subject to rules and laws

suggested that we could think of behaviour in terms of a body and a mind

pointed out that behaviour is influenced by external simulation

suggested that we should rely on rational thought and introspection to gain self knowledge

careful examination of one's thoughts and emotions

published the book Elements of Psychophysics

is showed how physical events (such as lights and sounds) are related to psychological sensation and perception

where did Wilhelm Wundt establish the first psychological laboratory

saw the mind as a natural event that could be studied scientifically

founded structuralism

attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensation and subjective feelings

founder of functionalism

it focused on behaviour as well as the mind or consciousness

founder of bahaviourism

focuses on learning observable behaviour

means that the behaviour has a positive outcome

founders of gestalt psychology

name of both the theory and personality and the method of psychotheraphy developed by Sigmund Freud

proposes that much of our lives is governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts

seek the relationship between the brain, hormones, heredity and evolution AND behaviour and mental processes

venture into the realm of mental processes to understand human nature

it is cognitive in flavour yet emphasizes the role of subjective experience

stresses the human capacity for self fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness self awareness and decision making

is seen as the force that unifies our personalities

views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing ethical conduct

humanistic-existential perspective is grounded in the works of ___

contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud

neoanalysts who focused less on unconscious process and more on conscious choice and self direction

suggest that people can modify and create their environment

addresses many of the ways people differ from one another

share cultural heritage, race, language or history

culturally defined concepts f masculinity and femininity