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Three layers of the heart
pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
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Circulation of the blood flow
right atrium> tricuspid > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > bicuspid valve> left ventricle > aortic valve > Aorta
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type of blood of right atrium
de oxygenated blood
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type of blood in the left atrium
oxygenated blood
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what blood vessel brings blood to the right atrium
Right coronary artery
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the purpose of the fossa ovale
allows oxygenated blood to go to the right and left side of the heart from the mom, and it bypasses the lungs
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the walls of which ventricle is larger?
the left- it has to pump blood to the body while the right only has to pump to the lungs
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sytole is...
when the heart is contracting
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distole is...
when the heart is filling with blood
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what are the coronary arteries and the importance?
the arteries deliver blood to the heart- then supply the muscles in the heart with blood
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what happens during the LUB DUB sound?
it happenes when the valves are snapping shut
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What is the SA node?
it's the pacemaker of the heart and controls the rate at which the heart beats
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what is and ECG?
it measures the rate and regularity of the heart beat using the electrical currents from the contraction
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PQRST?
p- activation of the atria, qrs- activation of the ventricles, t-recovery wave
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Cardiac imput?
the amount of blood the heart puts out in a minute
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cardiac output equation
SV x HR
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what is stroke volume?
volume of blood pushed out of the left ventricle per heart beat
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what is heart rate?
number of heartbeats per minute
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what is atherosclerosis?
lipid build-up in the coronary arteries
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what is Aortic Stenosis?
the narrowing of the valve or aorta
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what causes muscle contraction
action potential (electric signal) - acetylcholine at the synapse - act receptors bind with act.(binds to muscle)- calcium is released and the muscle contracts
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what is the neuromuscular junction
the point where the act is released from neuron to bind to muscle membrane
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what is acetycholine?
Act is like the current of the muscle contracting process- causes an ion gradient.
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what is muscle contraction?
the shortening of muscle fibers
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what is actin and myosin?
actin is thin fibers and myosin is thick fibers
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what is the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction
they overlap each other to shorten the muscle
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what is ATP and what role does it play in muscle contraction
its energy with three phosphates, helps to reload the head of the myosin fiber
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three types of muscle in the body and examples
skeletal-biceps, smooth-intestine, cardiac-heart
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what is a striated muscle
a muscle with layers of thick and thin fiber that make up the sarcomere
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what is syncytium
when the muscles move together in sync
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where in the body will you find a lot of smooth muscle
the GI system
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what is the special characteristic of cardiac muscle
it has syncytium, its striated, made of intercalated disks (gap junctions), fatigue resistant
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3 drugs used for hypertension
Diltiazem, Amlodipine, Verpamil- they block Ca2+ so the blood vessels can expand (hypertrophy)
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the difference between type I and type II diabetes mellitus
- type I- the body does not produce insulin (juvenile and genetics)
- type II- the body doesn't respond to insulin (lifestyle)
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insulin and its function
protein from beta cells from pancreas, causes blood sugar to drop.
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pathophysiology of diabetes
because of the lack of insulin or the lack of response to insulin the body maintains high levels of glucose(hyperglycemia)
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glycation
excess sugar that lead to non-enzymatic glycosylation
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symptoms of diabetes
frequent urination, frequent thirst, excessive fatigue, blurry vision, cuts and bruises that can't heal, and tingling, pain, numbness in hands and feet
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two ways to treat diabetes
sulfonylureas and Biguanides
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sulfonylureas
they work to stimulate Beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin
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Biguanides
lower the amount of glucose produced by the liver and make muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin
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how long does insulin take to work
10-15 minutes
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complications of uncontrolled diabetes
heart disease, blindness, neuropathy, skin infection, hypertension, kidney disease, stroke, loss of limbs, blood vessel damage
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the body's main fuel sorce
glucose
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what is the role of glucagon
it raises the blood glucose level, from alpha cells in the pancreas
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how to measure long-term glucose levels
- use the HbA1C
- 7 or below is good
- 8 or higher is bad
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metabolic syndrome
the disorder of energy utilization and storage
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how to diagnose metabolic syndrome
- 3 of 5 of these symptoms
- abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein levels (HDL)
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main difference between an artery and vein
artery takes blood away from heart and veins take blood to the heart
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type of muscle found in arteries and veins
smooth muscle
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which component of the blood circuit has the greatest cross sectional area
capillaries
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each component of the blood circuit
aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava
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blood flow direction of the artery
foward
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kind of blood the pulmonary artery carries
deoxygenated blood
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kind of blood peripheral arteries
oxygenated blood
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do all oxygenated blood carry oxygenated blood
no
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what does the pulse represent
the constant refilling and contractions of the heart
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the main cell type that contributes to atherosclerosis
white blood cells
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what is an observable side effect of atherosclerosis
shortness of breath, chest and abdominal pain
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blood flow direction of veins
toward the heart
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the purpose of the valve
they prevent back flow of the blood
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blood in pulmonary veins
oxygenated
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blood in peripheral veins
deoxygenated blood
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varicose veins
when there's a build-up of pressure in the veins and damages the valves. the blood back flows and creates a pocket
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what occurs in the capillaries
gas exchange
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flow equation
- V=IR
- pressure=(flow)(resistance)
- flow=(pressure)/(resistance)
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what important molecule does the blood carry
O2
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