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3 stages of HTN, what are the ranges
- stage 1 130-140/90-100
- stage 2 140-160/100-110
- stage 3 >160/>110
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What are the different layers of heart tissues and where are they
- pericardium; fibrous surrounding heart
- epicardium; inner layer or pericardium
- myocardium; heart muscle, major portion of heart
- endocardium; smooth lining of inner surface and cavities of heart.
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Which side and between what structure are the bicuspid between? Tricuspid?
- Bicuspid is between R A-V chambers
- Tricuspid (mitral) between L A-V chambers
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What are the types of semilunar valves
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What is the purpose of the SA node, sinoatrial
- pacemaker of heart, initiates impulse
- Has parasypm and sypm innervation which controls rate and strength of heart contraction
- sends impulses into atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers
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What is SV, and WNL
- stroke volume
- amount of blood ejected with each heart contraction
- ~70mL
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What is CO and WNL
- cardiac output
- amount of blood discharged from L or R ventricle per min
- ~4-6L in adults
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This cranial nerve causes coronary artery vasoconstriction, slows rate and force of contraction, and decreases myocardial metabolism. (control's body recover from SNS)
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This area of the brain stimulates the SNS for the heart, respiratory, and neuro systems.
Medulla oblongata
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What drugs decrease SNS activity of the heart? Increase SNS?
- Decrease= beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers)
- Increase= beta-adrenergic agents
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What are barorceptors, what do they do
- pressoreceptors
- respond to changes in blood pressure
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What do chemoreceptors respond to?
- changes in blood chemicals
- ie. O2, CO2, lactic acid
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What is hyperkalemia and sns
- increased potassium
- tachycardia (which can lead to bradycardia)
- potential cardiac arrest
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What is hypokalemia and sns
- low potassium
- hypotension
- arrhytmias which may lead to ventricular fibrillation
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sns of hypercalcemia
- htn
- signs of heart block
- cardiac arrest
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what is hypernatremia and sns
- increased sodium
- htn
- tachycardia
- pitting edema
- excessive weight gain
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what is hyponatremia and sns
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what is WNL bpm for adults? infants?
- adults: 60-80bpm
- infants: 70-170bbpm
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What bpm is tachycardia? bradycardia?
- tachy >100
- bradycardia <60
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What is afterload and preload
- afterload= load against which the LV during left ventricular ejection
- preload= amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole
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BP norms for infants? RR?
- BP= 75/50
- RR= 40breaths per min
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Where can cardiac pain refer to
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What is Levine sign and whats it indicate
- Pt clenches fist over sternum
- indicates ischemia/angina pectoris
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Use/effects of Nitrates
- (nitroglycerin)
- decrease preload by peripheral vasodilation
- reduces myocardial O2 demand
- reduces chest discomfort (angina)
- may also dilate coronary arteries
- improve coronary blood flow
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use/effects beta adrenergic blocking agents
- propranolol, inderal
- reduce myocardial demand by reducing HR and contractility
- control arrhbythmias
- chest pain
- reduce BP
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use/effects calcium channel blocking agents
- diltiazem, cardizem, procardia
- inhibit flow of calcium ions
- decrease HR
- decrease contractility
- dilate coronary arteries
- reduce BP
- control arrhytmias
- chest pain
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use/effects of digitalis
- cardiac glycosides, digoxin
- increases contractility
- decreases HR
- highly used in CHF
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why can aspirin be important with MI
it decreases platelet aggregation
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types of hypolipidemic agents (reduces serum lipids)
- questran
- colestid
- zocor
- mevacor
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pulmonary edema is a result of L or R CHF
- Left
- Left can't effectively pump to rest of body so blood pools in lungs
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What types of pain can intermittent claudication be described as
- burning
- searing
- aching
- tightness or cramping
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Whats the use of heparin
anti-coagulant
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How do you determine starting target heart rate?
(220-age)x70-85%
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What MET range is desk work/light weight house work and what for jogging
- deskwork/light weight house work= 1.5-2
- jogging= 7-8
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