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Because I caused something to happen, I am morally responsible for it (whether good or bad)
causal sense
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morality is a set of externally imposed rules and duties (just taking orders)
rule following sense
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because I make my moral decisions in a way that merits the trust of others, I am a morally responsible person (individual decision making)
decision making sense
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Decision making sense must fulfill three criteria:
- rationality - consider all relevant factors
- emotions are not a reliable guide
- respect for others (Golden Rule)
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Who believed that "Connectivity is the bridge over which learning and productivity increase"?
Martin Buber (thought we should see people as people and not objects)
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-Going the first mile and fulfilling duty and obligation
- not requiring self-sacrifice
- requires one shares equally with others
Morality in the Marketplace
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- going the extra mile (more than required)
- give up one's share for another
- giving and expecting nothing in return
Love in the Markerplace
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What is the oldest form of ethics?
Religion-based ethics ( Early Greek philosophy, early babylonian & egyptian literature, old and new testaments
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What are the two prevailing world-views?
- Judeo-Christian/Greco-Roman (unselfish)
- Kosmos (egocentrism)
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to subdue the earth and exercise dominion over it; to work with nature for the common good
Dominion theory
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resources that you can marshal together; how wide your influence is
power in judeo-christian world-view
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power is to dominate
power for creature comforts
power and wealth are the measure of success
happiness is achieved by acquiring possessions
kosmos world-view
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to do good; that which is good
utility
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it seeks the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people or the least amount of happiness for the least amount of people.
utility
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What are the four categories of Utility?
- tangible desirables - homes, wealth, education
- intangible desirables - health, freedom, love
- tangible indesirables - pain, sickness, death
- intangible indesirables - loneliness, bitterness, rejection (disfunctions or emotional issues)
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The Utilitarian Principle holds that an action is ethical if and only if the __________ by that act is greater than _________.
- the sum total of utilities produced
- the sum total of liabilities
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utility is concerned with _____ well-being.
social
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the end justifies the means; the results make the action ethical or moral; no one person's happiness is more important than antoher's
Consequentialist Theory
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What are the shortcomings of utility?
- limited stakeholder error - limited to view of happiness
- single alternative error - other ethical standards are not considered
- short term error - consider only immediate consequences
- does not always hold the line of morality
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flexible or spontaneous utility; which route will benefit the most or harm the least
Act Utilitarian (no set company rules bc each situation is unique)
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Examples of Act Utilitarian in business:
- cut salary
- cut lunch hour
- attrition (a retiring employees duties are divided to existing employees)
- lay-off
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occurs when leadership is mandated to follow established company policy benefitting the majority of all situations (company manual)
Traditional of Rule Utility
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When applying utility, it is difficult to calculate _____________.
intangible (how do you measure the price of freedom; how to calculate animal rights)
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let the buyer beware; nothing risk-free in American society
caveat emptor (taking perscription drugs in a way that was not advised; drinking liquid that warns you on the label is could be fatal)
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utilitarian principle is a _____________ theory.
consequentialist
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Utility has two purposes:
- instrumental - things that are good only bc they lead to "ultimate good" things (trip to dentist)
- intrinsic - things that are desired for themselves (long life, things you look forward to)
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the ethical standard concerned with doing the right thing:
deontological approach
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In Deontology, the emphasis is on doing what is required to continue doing the right thing no matter the __________________.
consequences
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Who is the father of the Deontological movement?
Immanuel Kant
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Who said "Nothing is good in and of itself unless motivated by good will."
Immanuel Kant (Deontological approach)
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emphasizes duties, motives, the dignity and worth of people, and a moral law that is unchanging and absolute.
Kant's moral theory
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