-
Be familiar with the hierarchical levels of life as discussed in class
- Atom
- Molecule
- • Organelle
- • Cell
- • Tissue
- • Organ
- • Organ System
- • Organism
- • Population = grp of individuals of same species living in given area
- • Community = all living organisms inhabiting a given area
- • Ecosystem = community and chemical/physical environment
- • Biosphere = all living organisms on earth (and environments)
-
Be able to name (in order) all the levels of classification of living organisms
- • Domain
- • Kingdom
- • Phylum
- • Class
- • Order
- • Family
- • Genus
- • Species
-
-
Be able to list the four kingdoms of Eukarya
- Kingdom Protista
- • Kingdom Fungi
- • Kingdom Plantae
- • Kingdom Animalia
-
Understand binomial nomenclature
- – Two-part name given to each species
- • called scientific name
- – By Carolus Linnaeus
- – Name in Latin
- • Will be italicized in print or underlined
- – First name = Genus
- – Second name = specific epithet (species)
-
Be familiar with the scientific method
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Conclusion
-
Know what controls and variables are
- – Variable • Part of the experiment that is changed/adjusted
- Control • Part of experiment that remains constant/unchanged • The control is the standard of comparison – Used to verify results (and therefore is invaluable)
-
Know the 6 elements basic to life
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Hydrogen
- Sulfur
- Phosphorus
- oxygen
-
Know what at atom is and be familiar with its structure
smallest unit of an element that still retains properties of the element
-
Understand the differences in electrons, neutrons, and protons
- – Electron
- • Negative charge
- • Least massive
- – Proton
- • Positive charge
- • ~ 2000x more massive than electron
- – Neutron
- • No charge
- • ~2000x more massive than electron
-
Be familiar with the Periodic Table such that you can tell the atomic number, atomic mass, # electron shells, # electrons in outer shell, or # of total electrons, protons or neutrons in a particular element
- Atomic Number= # of protons
- Atomic Mass- Atomic Number = Neutrons
- Rows= # of electrons
- Columns = # of electrons in outer shell
-
Understand what covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds are – AND how they work
Ionic bonding = one atom ‘gives up’ one or more electrons to another
- Covalent bonding = atoms ‘share’ one or more electrons with each other
- – Two types of covalent bonds
- 1. Nonpolar covalent bond
- 2. Polar covalent bond
Hydrogen Bonds- attractive intermolecular force between two partial charges of opposite polarity, weaker than ionic and convalent bonds
-
Understand the relationships between the terms polar, non-polar, hydrophilic & hydrophobic
-
Be familiar with the pH scale- known what acids and bases are
- pH scale ranges from 0-14
- 0= most acidic (battery acid)
- 7= neutral (pure water)
- 14= most basic (lye)
- acid= gives up H+ in solution
- base= take up H+ in solution
-
Know the four classes of carbon-based biological molecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
-
Understand what monomers and polymers are
– Polymer = large molecule made of many similar or identical subunits (monomers)
– Monomer = small molecule combined with other similar or identical molecules to make a polymer
-
Know what carbohydrates are and be familiar with simple and complex carbohydrates
- Contain primarily C, O, H
- • Ex. Breads and sugars
- Examples of complex carbohydrates are starch
- chitin, which forms the exoskeleton of arthropods
-
Know what lipids are and be familiar with phospholipids
- lipids= fats, oils, cholesterol
- Function in the body as insulation, energy storage, outer lining of cells
- phospholipids= important type of lipid because they are the primary component of animal cell membranes
- Dual nature –
- Polar head = hydrophilic (water-loving) –
- Non-polar tails = hydrophobic (water-fearing)
-
Understand what proteins and amino acids are
- Amino acids are the monomers which make up proteins
- Proteins
- **Only 20 different amino acids
- – Different orders = different proteins
- – Over 100,000 proteins identified
-
Know what nucleic acids are and what they make up
Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides
-
Be able to name the 4 nitrogenous bases- by full name, not just letters
- Adenine (A)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)
- Thymine (T)
-
Understand the differences prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- prokaryotic:
- no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- have capsule
- eukaryotic:
- nucleus
- organelles
- cyotoskeleton
-
Be familiar with the organelles discussed in lecture notes and the function of each
-
Be able to follow the process of protein production in a cell
- 1) Instructions from DNA are copied onto mRNA
- 2) mRNA moves to ribosome
- 3) Ribosome moves to endoplasmic reticulum and "reads" mRNA instructions
- 4) Amino acid chain growing from ribosome is dropped inside endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Chain folds into protein.
- 5) Protein moves to plasma membrane for export
-
Know what cilia and flagella are and what they do
- cilia- numerous hairlike extensions that move cell
- flagella- long, tail-like extension that propels cell
-
Understand the differences in plant and animal cells
- Plant cells don't have lysosomes
- Plant cells have cell wall, central vacuole, and plastids
-
Be familiar with energy as we have defined it in class
- the capacity to make things move or change condition
- types: solar, chemical, mechanical, electrical, nuclear
-
Understand what happens to energy in building and breaking large molecules (take up or released) Understand how this relates to exergonic and endergonic reactions
- exergonic reactions- products contain less E than reactants; breaking large complex molecules releases E
- endergonic reactions- products contain more E than reactants; building large complex molecules requires E
-
Be familiar with dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
dehydration- endergonic reactions
hydrolysis- exergonic reactions
-
Be familiar with ATP and how its phosphate groups relate to energy condition
- ATP= adenosine triphosphate
- energy currency of the cell
- The 3 phosphate grps are negatively charged
- – Require E to put next to each other
- Outermost phosphate group ‘pops’ off
- • **releases E
- • Becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
-
Understand what enzymes are and how they work
- Organic catalyst (usually protein) that speeds a chemical reaction in cells
- Terms ending in ase are enzymes – Ex lactase
-
Be familiar with the components of the plasma membrane and what each is responsible for
- PLASMA MEMBRANE
- – Marks cell boundary
- – Regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell
- Components
- 1. Phospholipid bilayer- Main component
- 2. Cholesterol- Maintains optimal level of fluidity
- 3. Protein-
- 1. Structural
- 2. Cell Recognition
- 3. Communication
- 4. Transport
- 4. Glycocalyx- ‘sugar coat’
-
Be familiar with the three ways things can move into and out of a cell (Passive, active, bulk transport)
- 1. Passive transport
- • Substances move from higher to lower concentration
- • No energy required
- • Ex. diffusion and osmosis
- 2. Active transport
- • Substances moved from lower to higher concentration
- • Requires energy
- • Requires transport protein
- 3. Bulk transport
- • Movement of large substances
- • Independent of concentration gradient
- • Requires energy
-
Understand what cellular respiration and photosynthesis are and know their word equations (what they take up, create and release)
- process in which chemical bonds of energy rich molecules (ex. Glucose) are converted into energy usable for life processes – *How we get energy from food
*Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
-
Know the four stages of cellular respiration and #ATP molecules produced in each
ADD MORE TO ANSWER!!!
- 1. Glycolysis – In cytoplasm
- 2. Preparatory reaction – In mitochondria
- 3. Krebs cycle – In mitochondria
- 4. Electron transport chain – In mitochondria
-
Know total number (net) of ATP molecules obtained from breakdown of one glucose molecule
-
Know where photosynthesis take place in the leaf
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = glucose + oxygen
Mesophyll cells
-
Understand the basic structure of DNA and how it replicates
-
Know the difference in genome, chromosomes, and chromatids
-
Be familiar with the structure of the chloroplast
-
Be familiar with the stages of photosynthesis
- 1. Light reactions
- – In thylakoid membranes
- - depends on sunlight
- -
- 2. Calvin cycle
- – In stroma
- - G3P often becomes glucose
-
Understand what homologous chromosomes are
Homologous chromosomes are the same in size & function
-
*Know how many chromosomes humans have in somatic cells. Know how many homologous pairs human have in somatic cells
- 46 chromosomes
- 23 homologous chromosomes
-
Be able to tell how many chromosomes humans have in gamete and how this relates to proper formation of a new organism
- 23 chromosomes
- helps create diversity in sex cells
-
Know phases of cell cycle
-
*Understand the phases of Mitosis and Meiosis and their differences- be able to tell from drawings what phase a cell is in
-
*Be able to compare/contrast Mitosis & Meiosis outcomes- parent/daughter types, chromosome #, etc
-
Know the difference in haploid and diploid cells and types of each
- Diploid to diploid (2n = 2n)
- Occurs in somatic cells
- Diploid to haploid (2n = 1n)
- Occurs in sex cells to produce gametes (sperm, egg)
-
Understand how crossing-over and independent assortment cause genetic diversity
-
Be familiar with the characteristics/causes of cancerous cells
- Causes
- – Environmental factors
- • Chemicals, radiation
- – Viruses
- • Bring mutated genes into cells
- – Random errors during DNA synthesis
-
Know who is consider to the father of genetics and why
Gregor Mendel
-
Know what genes and alleles are and be able to identify examples (Ex. flower color = gene, purple = allele)
-
Understand the differences in dominant and recessive alleles and how they are written
-
Understand the differences in homozygous dominate, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous and how these relate to both phentype and genotype
-
Know what monohybrid and dihybrid crosses are and their differences
-
Know what the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is from a monohybrid cross of a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent
-
Know what the expected phentypic ratio in the F2 generation is from a dihybrid cross of a homozygous dominant parent (for both traits) and a hmozygous recessive parent (for both traits)
-
**Know how to do punnett square crosses for both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and how to tell the phenotypes of the offspring from their genotypes
-
Understand what incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and polygenic inheritance are and be familiar with examples discussed in class- be able to do punnett squares to determine offspring condition for blood types
-
Know what X-linked disorders, autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant disorders are - be familiar with examples given in class- be able to do punnet squares to determine offspring condition
-
**Know what genes code for
-
Know what transcription and translation are- how each works
-
Know how RNA differs from DNA
-
Know what mRNA and tRNA are and how they work in transcription and translation
-
Know the difference in point and frame shift DNA mutations
-
Understand germ-line and somatic mutations are
-
Be familiar with the causes of DNA mutations
-
Be able to follow a DNA sequence from DNA replication through transcription and translation
|
|
