modalities

• SVxHR
• men: 5.6 L/min
• women: 4.9 L/min

• CO: increase
• SV: decrease
• BP: decrease
• HR: increase
• RR: increase

• conduction: heat transfer by direct contact (heat packs, paraffin)
• convection: by air or fluid (whirlpool, hubbard, fluidotherapy)
• radiation: by electromagnetic energy (infrared lamp)

• CO: increase
• SV: increase
• HR: decrease
• RR: decrease

(opposite of heat, except CO)

BP: venous decreases, arterial increases

• a rash of round, red welts on the skin
• itch intensely,
• sometimes with dangerous swelling,
• caused by an allergic reaction, typically to specific foods.

an area of the skin that is temporarily raised, typically reddened, and usually accompanied by itching

• hypersensitivity to cold resulting in:
• erythema of skin w wheals
• itches 2/2 histamine reaction

• cold urticaria
• facial flush, puffy eyelids, resp problems, anaphylaxis w syncope 2/2 histamine reaction

• decreased BP
• increased HR

blood contains many cryogolublin proteins that solidify at temps below normal body temp, and dissolve when returned to normal temp

cold, burning, aching, numb

• decreased by both
• cold also targets spasticity

increases bc of facilitation of alpha motor neuron (1-5 min)

• 4:1 min hot:cold
• 100-111 / 55-65 degrees
• 20-30 min
• useful for pain modulation, debatable for raising deep tissue temp via increased circ

• advanced arteriosclerosis
• arterial insufficiency
• loss of sensation to heat or cold

• mvmnt of fluids along boundaries of cell membranes 2/2 mechanical pressure wave
• --> increased cell wall permeability, increased intracelluar calcium, increased macrophage response, increased protein synthesis ... may accelerate tissue healing

• lower for acute conditions and thin tissue (wrist skin)
• higher for chronic conditions and thick tissue (low back)

• pulsed mode, 20%
• intensity 1-3 w/cm^2, or .5-.75 if using a med that's prepared in a medium that will allow transmission of the US (??)
• 5-10 min (regular US is 3-10 min)

for pain modulation and anti-inflam

7% or 8-10 lbs

• low: inhibit pain, decrease spasm
• high: decrease pressure on joints, stretch surrounding tissues

it's a contraindication

• 5-10 min for herniated disc
• 10-30 min for other conditions

• 5-10 min for acute
• 15-30 for chronic

• elevate 45 and abduct 20-70 limb
• stockinet over extremity
• inflation/deflation ~ 3/1, 45-90 sec on, 15-30 sec off
• use 1-3 hours, for some concerns do multiple times a day

some say stay below diastolic, some say you can go above bc it's on for only a short time

• accelerate rate of interarticular cartilage regeneration, tendon healing, ligament healing
• decreased edema
• decrease joint effusion
• decrease post-op pain
• increase synovial lubrication of the joint
• improve ciruclation
• improve nutrition to articular cartilange and periarticuar tissues

and of course, increase ROM, reduce contractures and adhesions

up to 45 min, 1-2x/day

• stroking massage
• usually starts and ends treatment

kneading massage - grasping and lifting the tissues

tapping w palm, fingers, cupped hand, ulnar boarder (hacking)

• tapotement w  cupped hands
• for mobilizing bronchial secretions

• bactericidal (disrupts DNA, RNA synth, and cell transport of microoranisms)
• increases ATP concentration, and protein and DNA synth
• galvanotaxic (attracts helpful cells to speed tissue repair)

• macrophages (+) (these are WBCs)
• mast cells (-) (WBCs rich in heparin and histamine)
• neutrophils (-/+)

fibroblasts (+)

• intensity: anode - 1 mA/cm^2, cathode - 0.5, up to max of 4-5 mA
• 10-40 min, check every 3-5 min