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What stage of anesthesia occurs immediatly after administration of agent
Stage I
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In what stage of anesthesia is the patient conscious but disoriented
Stage I
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Stage II anesthesia involves
- Loss of consciousness
- All reflexes present
- pupils dilated
- "fighting" the anesthetic
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Stage III plane 1 anesthesia involves
- regular respiration
- involuntary limb movement cease
- eyeballs rotate ventrally
- pupils partially constricted
- diminished PLR
- reacts to painful stimuli
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In what stage and plan do the gagging and swallowing reflexes diminish enough to place an ET tube
Stage III Plane 1
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What stage/plane of anesthesia is suitable for most procedures
Stage III plane 2
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Medium depth of anesthesia occurs in what stage/plan
Stage III plane 2
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Stage III plane 2 anesthesia involves
- Increase HR and RR
- unconscious and immobile
- PLR sluggish
- eyeballs central or rotated
- pupils slightly dilated
- Loss of pedal and palpebral reflexes
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Stage/plan patient is to deeply anesthetized
Stage III plane 3
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What stage/plan is the patient considered excessively deep for most Sx procedures
Stage III plan 3
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Stage III plane 3 involves
- decreased RR, HR and blood pressure
- bagging
- eyeball centrals, pupils moderately dilated
- PLR poor or absent
- reflex almost totally absent
- jaw tone slack
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What stage/plan see spasmodic, jerky ventilatory pattern
Stage III plane 4
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Stage III plane 4 involves
- pupils fully dilated
- PLR absent
- muscle tone flaccid
- decreased HR, blood pressure
- pale MM
- TOO DEEPLY Anesthetized
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What stage/plan involves cessation of respiration, total circulatory collapse and death
Stage IV
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Anticholinergics work by what type of action
blocks the action of Ach on cholinergic receptors
-
Examples of Anticholinergics
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What are some side effects of Atropine
- Blocks stimulation of the vagus nerve
- Reduces salivation
- Decreases GI motility and vomiting
- Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
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Contraindications of Atropine (anticholinergic)
- Crosses the placenta
- Pre-existing tachycardia
- Congestive Heart Faliure
- Constipation or ileus
- Can cause other arrhythmias
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What are the effects of glycopyrrolate
- Longer duration of action than atropine
- Less effect on HR
- Less suppression of GI motility
- Does NOT cross the placenta
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Types of Major tranquilizers (Neuroleptics)
- Phenothiazine Derivatives
- Butyrophenones
-
Example of a phenothiazine derivative
- acepromazine
- chlorpromazine
-
Example of Butyrphenones
Droperidol
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Actions of major tranquilizers (neuroleptics)
- Action on CNS
- Decrease Anxiety
- Antiemetic effect
- Antiarrhythmic effect
- Antihistamine effect
- Reduces seizure threshold (will cause seizures in know seizure patients)
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Contraindications of major tranquilizers
- shocky, hypotensive or anemic patients
- cardiovascular patients
- toxemia
- hepatics dz
- geriatric and pediatric
- Boxers more sensitive
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Do major tranquilizers produce an analgesic effect
no
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Types of minor tranquilizers
Benzodiazepines
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Examples of benzodiazepines
-
Actions of Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers)
- Antianxiety
- skeletal muscle relaxant
- Anticonvulsant activity
- appetite stimulant in cat
- minimal cardiovascular and respiratory effects
- NO analgesic effect
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Types of Sedatives/Hypnotics
- Barbiturates
- Thiazine derivatives
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Examples of types of barbiturates
- Pentobarb
- Phenobarb
- Thiopental
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Examples of Thiazine derivatives
- Xylazine
- Medetomidine
- detomidine
-
Actions of Thiazine derivatives
- Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonist
- Potential severe cardiovascular and respiratory complications
- Sedation
- Muscle relaxation
- Analgesia
- Reversing agents available
-
Adverse side effects of Xylazine
- bradycardia and 2nd degree heart block
- hypotension
- sensitizes heart to arrhytmogenic effect of epinephrine (block with ace)
- Respiratory depression
- Can cause bloat
- Do not use 1st and 3rd trimester
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Xylazine is reveresed by what drug
Yohimbine
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Xylazine is metabolized where
liver
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Reversing agent for medetomidine
Antisedan (atipamezole)
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Beneficial effects of opiods
- Sedation
- Analgesia
- Antitussive
- Antidiarrheal
- Crosses placenta slowly
-
Types of agonist stimulate opioids
- morphine
- hyromorphone
- oxymorphone
- fentanyl
-
Types of agonist-antagonist stimulate opioids
-
Type of antagonist blocker
Naloxone - reverses effects of opioids
-
An agonist?
stimulates opioid receptors
-
An agonist-atagonist?
stimulates some receptors and blocks others
-
An Antagonist?
Blocks all opiate receptors
-
Adverse effects of opioids
- potent respiratory depressant
- physical dependence
- bradycardia
- Hypotension after rapid IV
- increased sensitivity to noise
- Excessive salvation
- increased introcular and intracranial pressure
-
Opioids are metabolized where
-
Barbiturates are used for
- sedation
- general anesthesia
- anticonvulsant
- euthanasia
-
Adverse effects of Barbiturates
- potent respiratory depressent
- bradycardia and hypotension
-
Contraindications of barbiturates
- hypoproteinemic animals
- acidotic animals
- Animals in shock
- Do not use in sighthounds
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Why do you not use thiopental or pentobarbital in sighthounds
- Lack of drug distribution into body fat
- decreased hepatic metabolism
-
-
Cyclohexamines effect on animals
- selective CNS stimulation
- exaggerated reflexes
- muscle tone increased
- apneustic respiration
- Analgesia to skin and limbs
- Does not depress cardiac rate or function
-
A neuroleptanalgesia is
Combination of a opioid and tranquilizing agent
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