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Define Sex
Biological maleness or femaleness, ascribed status
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Define Gender
Social, Cultural, and Psychological traits, achieved status
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What is the basis for gender division of labor?
Basis is social not physical
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How does the Structural-Functional perspective explain gender roles?
Gender roles are biologically rooted.
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What is the manifest function of gender roles?
Fulfilling society needs, procreation
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What is the dysfunction of gender roles?
Gender inequality
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How does the conflict perspective explain gender roles?
Gender roles emerge out of oppression
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Explain the concept of patriarchy.
social system of male dominance in which females are oppressed.
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Explain linguistic sexism
words and patterns that ignore, devalue, or make sex objects of one sex.
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Define Interpersonal behavior
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Define Display Rules
Norms on social expression
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How do gender stereotypes manifest in parental behaviors?
- Boys play mechanical toys, Girls play with dolls
- Boys get outside chores, Girls get inside
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How do gender stereotypes manifest in peer interactions?
Pressure to conform to stereotypes, popularity and acceptance as reinforcer, rejection and teasing as punishment.
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How are gender stereotypes manifested in education?
Boys are pressured to succeed, Girls have less incentives.
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Are gender differences in aggression and nurturing behavior created biologically or socially?
Socially
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How is aggressive behavior taught to boys?
Differential reinforcement
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How is nurturing behavior taught?
Parental empathy
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How are gender differences in agressive and nurturing behavior created overall?
Sexes get different treatment, norms, expectations and therefore develope gender differences.
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What are pink collar occupations?
low paying non-manual, semi-skilled, held primarily by women.
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What does comparable worth mean?
The worth of a job ought to reflect education, training, and skills.
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Describe the pattern of gender segregation in 1. Blue & White collar jobs and 2. Professional occupations.
- 1. Blue and white collar jobs by positions
- 2. Professional Occupations by tier
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What is contingent work?
Part time, temp, sub-contract work.
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Who is most likely to hold contingent jobs? Why?
Women, prefer flexability, less full time jobs available.
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What does the equal pay act of 1963 mandate?
same pay for same work.
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Describe the extent of the current income gap between men and women.
Women earn 70 - 75% of what men do.
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Three factors that contribute to the gender income gap?
Type of jobs, Glass Ceiling, Exclusion from formal network.
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Define glass ceiling effect.
invisible barriers that limit women & minorities upward mobility.
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Define Glass Escalator effect.
upward movement of men in female dominated occupations.
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What do we mean by the Double Shift?
Women having dual responsibilities, wage earner and household workers on 2nd shift.
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Describe gender issues of modern society faced by (1) Working class males (2) Middle class males
- 1. displacement (unemployment), difficult to fill traditional role, limited roles due to social expectation
- 2. Increased demands, increasing family responsibilities
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Define family
relationships in which people live with committment, form an economic unit and care for any young & consider the group critical.
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Define Kinship
social network based on common ancestory, marriage, or adoption.
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Define household
A residential economic unit
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Define Family household.
Kinship plus household
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Define Non-family household.
Living alone, roommates, co-habitating couples.
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Name 6 significant changes in U.S. families.
- 1. Postponing marriage & child bearing
- 2. Increased cohabitation
- 3. Increased births to unmarried women
- 4. Increased single parent families
- 5. Increased employment of married moms
- 6. Higher rates of seperation and divorce
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How has the economic background of the family changed since the 1950s?
- In the 50s, it was traditional family with husband as the breadwinner, wife as homemaker, and their dependant children.
- since then , loss of jobs & decline of wages, service jobs demand female labor, dual earner marriages, family values not changed.
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What is the current state of family values?
Family values not changed since 50s.
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Why are young people today more likely to postpone marriage?
cannot afford to marry, shortage of marriable black males, higher education, career uncertainties, cohabitation more common
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Why is marital satisfaction more important today?
used to marry for economic / social reasons, now marry for emotional / personal reasons.
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Examine social support by U.S. governments compared to other industrialized nations.
U.S. lags behind other nations.
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What are two critical problems faced by working parents today?
Obtaining parental leaves, finding childcare.
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What does the family and medical leave act of 1993 madate?
Maternity leave up to 12 weeks unpaid, for firms with 50+ employees, 40% work force not covered.
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Who gets leave to care for sick children?
Only federal employees
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What are two major concerns when searching for child care?
Cost & availability
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Why is the lack of good child care a problem?
declined income
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List six factors increasing the likelihood of divorce.
- 1. remarriage
- 2. age
- 3. education
- 4. unemployment / lower income
- 5. race
- 6. years married (first 3 years)
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Five factors that contribute to high divorce rate in U.S.
- 1. increase in economic autonomy of women
- 2. Marriage for emotion not economy
- 3. Unfair division of domestic labor (chores)
- 4. no-fault divorce laws
- 5. Individualism more important than family
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Discuss consequences of divorce for (1) ex-husbands (2) ex-wives (3) children.
- 1. increase in income, more emotional stress
- 2. decrease in income
- 3. intervening factors creates negative effects
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Does divorce always negatively effect children?
No
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Three factors that intervene the assumed casual relationship between divorced parents and its negative effects on children.
- 1. Economic hardships
- 2. Lack of parental supervision
- 3. Parental alienation syndrome
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What percentage of single parent families are headed by women?
85%
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What are the causes of children developing behavior problems from divorce?
- 1. Economy
- 2. Lack of supervision
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What is the remarriage rate today?
4/5
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What is a blended family?
spouses and kids from previous and new marriages.
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