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Land settled with the purpose of farming and eventually owning it.
Homestead
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(1871-1921) a series of 11 treaties negotiated between First Nations and the federal government.
Numbered treaties
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Government taxes placed on important goods; generally used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
Tariffs
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The growth of cities.
Urbanization
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A technological and economic shift in a society in which manufacturing and mass production became a significant part of the economy; usually accompanied by increasing urbanization.
Industrialization
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Improvements, adaptations, or changes to existing conditions.
Reforms
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Businesses that are jointly owned and operated by members.
Cooperatives
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Organizations formed by workers to advance their shared interests in the workplace, such as better wages and safer working conditions.
Trade Unions
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The banning of the sale and consumption of alcohol.
Prohibition
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Moderate or no consumption of alcohol.
Temperance
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The right to vote.
Suffrage
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The compulsory enlistment of civilians into the armed forces.
Conscription
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Identify 5 characteristics of pre-industrial society. (5)
- Population was largely rural
- Most merchants dealt in trade
- Most industry involved only a few people (except shipbuilding)
- Most people were self-employed
- Wage earners were not recognized as a distinct group
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Identify the tasks of N.W.M.P. (5)
- Protected First Nations from further American attacks and gain their confidence
- Assist in treaty negotiations
- Shut down the illegal outposts set up by American whiskey traders
- Patrol the border
- Maintain law and order throughout the vast North-West Territories
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Identify 4 ways Prime Minister Macdonald expected the railway to transform Canada. (4)
- Creating employment
- Facilitating trade between the eastern and western regions
- Transporting immigrant settlers across the West
- Uniting the country from sea to sea with a shared identity
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What push factors motivated many Ukrainians to emigrate? (3)
- High taxes
- Many citizens lived as indentured workers (enslaved to landowners)
- Military service was compulsory for young men
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What push factors motivated many Jewish people to emigrate? (1)
Persecution
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What was the social and cultural impact of this period of immigration? (5)
- Canada becomes more multiethnic and multicultural
- Led to the creation of towns that reflected the heritage of its settlers (ex. Winkler)
- Politcal and cultural views became more diverse
- The expectation from the dominant English speaking Protestants was that the newcomers would assimilate
- Led to the formation of many institutions such as school and newspapers along ethnic ties
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Identify 4 changes that occur on the farms of this period. (4)
- Crops were ready to move quickly over great distances
- Machines made industries such as dairying possible
- Improvements in transportation made farm life less isolated
- Farm life became easier (ex. iron stoves, coal lamps)
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What were the conditions of the business elite in Canada's early industrial cities. (2)
- Lived in large mansions with expansive gardens, stables and greenhouses
- Their homes were on large lots on broad streets with parks and were serviced by electric street cars and gas lights.
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What were the conditions of the working class in Canada's early industrial cities? (2)
- Lived in small houses, in crowded conditions on small lots, without services
- Had to work under harsh conditions such as with poor heating and ventilation
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Why were the harsh conditions of the working class allowed to exist? (5)
- Society valued the results of industry and the industrialists
- There was an abundance of cheap labour
- Much of the labour force was immigrants
- There was no united force of labour
- It was the era of lasissez-faier capitalism (there was little government involvement and few regulations)
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Identify 5 ways in which the Winnipeg General Strike was historically significant. (5)
- With 27,000 workers off the job virtually all city government services were interrupted
- It was met with a hard line resistance from Winnipeg's business elite
- It received international attention as newspapers spread fears of violent communist revolution
- The strike spread to other communities which led to a response from the federal government
- Some workers became more politically radical
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