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What type of radiation is harmful?
- Ionizing radiation.
- Alpha, Beta (particulate), gama, and X-rays (wavelike).
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What unit of measure quantifies the amount of exposure to radiation?
Roentgen equivalents man or REM
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Sources on Non-Ionizing radiation?
Radio, Micro, infrared, visible light, ultrasound, and MRI.
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How are frequency and wavelength related?
Inversely proportional.
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How alpha and beta particle are emitted?
Radioactive decaying nucleus emits energy to regain stability.
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Describe alpha particle attributes.
- 1.) Loose particles energy quickly.
- 2.) can't penetrate materials - stopped by paper or dead skin.
- 3.) Only hazardous when inhaled or digested. Can penetrate 50 micrometers in pulmonary epithelium.
- 4.) sources - radon gas and americium 241 in smoke detectors.
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Beta particles attributes?
- +/- charged
- 1) lighter than alpha, atomic wt near 0.
- 2) thus, longer range - 2cm into tissue.
- 3) stopped by thin plastic, aluminum, or span of air 10-100cm.
- 4.) PET scan and stronium 90 used for eye sx.
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1)Electromagnetic wave behave like?
- - sine wave
- - travels speed of light
- - can't bend around corners
- - no mass = very high energy and damage
- - emitted c alpha and gama rays during decay
- - stopped by lead and concrete
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Where are Gama rays used?
- - cardiac scans c radiotracer technetium
- - v/q scans using inhaled radiotracer xenon 133
- - thyroid uptake 123.
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How are X-rays made? How are they expressed in terms of strength? And, what law does it follow and its implications?
- - made from boiled off cathode
- - milliampere-seconds
- - Beam density is inversely proportion to square of its distance from the source.
- - DISTANCE PROTECTS
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X-Ray kVp = what? and what are the clinical implications?
Describes the power of the beam and thus how well it will go through the patient.
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Electomagnetic Ionizing radiation with late effect or stochastic exposure responce is NOT dose dependent?
True
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Early or Deterministic dose is related to the dose?
True
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Three types of lasers and there unique characteristics?
- - Monochromatic - one wavelength
- - Coherent - oscillates in same phase - photons move together
- - collimated - narrow parallel beam. can be precisely directed.
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Types of lasers that are visible?
What lasers are invisible
- Argon and other tunable dye lasers.
- CO2 and Nd:YAG
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What is the greatest risk for injury in relation to lasers?
- Eye injury
- - Corneal burn
- - Retinal burn
- - destruction of macula or optic nerve
- - chataracts
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What laser do you only need regular eye glasses to protect?
CO2 laser (invisible). absorbed by plastic and glass
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Nd-YAG (invisible) can cause what eye damage?
Retinal need opaque green eye wear or specially coated clear lenses.
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KTP and Argon are Invisible or Visible?
What Glasses do you need for both?
- - both are Visible.
- - KTP - Retinal damage - Red filter
- - Argon - Retinal Damage - opaque Orange Goggles
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The body regulates pH or H+ THREE ways?
- 1) Buffering systems
- - Bicarbonate buffer
- - Hemaglobin
- - other protein buffer
- - phosphate buffer
- 2) Ventilatory buffer
- 3) Renal buffer
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