Microbiology Chapter 20.txt

• Hematocrit
• Plasma 55%, has clotting factors
• Buffy coat < 1%, white blood cells
• Red blood cells 45%

• Get from spinning blood
• Has clotting factors
• Plasma is serum that contains clotting agents

• Naturally separates from blotted blood
• No clotting factors

• minerals
• salts
• proteins, etc.

• female normal range
• 38 - 46% (average of 42%)
• male normal range
• 40 - 54% (average of 46%)

not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin

• too many RBCs (over 65%)
• dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Clotting

• Clotting factors: fibrinogen
• Globulins: immunoglobulin (Antibodies)
• Albumin: adds osmotic pressure

• Red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
• White blood cells ( leukocytes )
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils
• agranular leukocytes
• lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
• monocytes

• Special cell fragments
• Thrombocytes

• White blood cells
• Produced in the bone marrow

• 65%
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]
• Phagocytes
• Live about 12 hours
• Leave the cardiovascular system
• Eat foreign particles

• 2%
• Orangish with granules
• Heparin
• Keeps basophiils in line with anti-histamine
• Contain toxic compounds to defend against multicellular parasites

• 1%
• Small, dark blue with darker blue granules
• Heparin: prevents clotting
• Histamines: dilatation
• 1st to site of injury thru the capillaries
• Prevents clotting and increases blood flow to clean out wound and bring leukocytes
• Similar to mast cells
• Acting in allergic reactions
• Agranular leukocytes
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes

• 5-10%
• Phagocytes that mature into macrophages in tissue
• Can leave the CV, called macrophage when wondering around the body

• Specific immunity
• T-Cells: cell mediated immunity
• B-Cells: humoral immunity (Antibodies)
• Move to the lymph nodes after maturation
• Natural killer (NK) cells destroy virus-infected and abnormal cells
• B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are involved in acquired immunity

• Are found in the skin and other points of pathogen origin
• They are involved in acquired immunity

• One way
• No pump
• Contains lymph veins and lymph nodes

• Are not evenly spaced
• Found in heavy concentration in areas where appendages attach to the trunk
• Groin
• Armpits
• Neck
• There is a maze in the lymph node that the lymph moves thru. Foreign matter in this maze attracts T cells and B cells.

Is the clear fluid surrounding tissue cells and filling intercellular spaces

Lymphocytes

The thymus and bone marrow

The spleen and lymph nodes

Monitor and fight infectious microbes

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

• Afferent lymphatic vessels
• Germinal center
• Outer cortex (B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
• Cortex (upper part of B cells and dendritic cells)
• Medulla (base of B cells, T cells and dendritic cells)
• Efferent lymphatic vessel
• Artery
• Vein
• Paracortex (upper part of T cells and dendritic cells)

Bring lymph into lymph nodes

Take lymph out of lymph nodes

• Fluid and solute return to blood
• Lipid transport from digestive system to circulatory system
• Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes for defense

Nonspecific resistance

• Acquired immunity (specific resistance)
• Chemical signals sent by many immune cells to tissues involved with initiating acquired immunity

• Common pathogenic features
• Foreign substances

• Lymphocytes
• Antibodies specific to the pathogen causing infection

• Species Immunity
• Racial Immunities
• Mechanical and chemical barriers
• Phagocytosis

• Skin and skin penetration
• Mucous membranes
• Acidity of stomach and vagina
• Bile
• Lysozyme
• Interferon

If a pathogen is detected by Langerhans cells, they phagocytize it and induce an acquired immune response

Produce mucus to trap microbes

Decrease the pH, which resists infection

Destroys most pathogens

Antimicrobial peptides found in various bodily secretions

• Found in tears, sweat, and saliva
• Lyses gram-positive bacterial cells

• Macrophage activation
• Production of substances to interfere with RNA viral reproduction

Out compete pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites

• Cell eating
• A nonspecific defense mechanism to clear microbes from infected tissues
• Capture and digestion of foreign particles
• Second line of defense

Macrophages and neutrophils

Cytokines that attract macrophages and neutrophils to infected tissues

Attach to microbes to increase the ability of phagocytes to adhere (opsonization)

A chemical is released by inflamed cells that attracts macrophages and neutophils

• Similar to chemotaxis
• A chemical is released by inflamed cells that attracts macrophages and neutophils

• Phagosome
• The phagosome is acidified, killing or inactivating the pathogen

• Lysosomes (phagolysosome)
• Enzymes and other products kill and digest the pathogen

• Rubor: red
• Calor: heat
• Tumor: swelling
• Dolor: pain

Heat body up so virus or bacteria doesn't want to live in us

Destroy invading organisms

• 30 known proteins
• Is inactive until G- or enveloped viruses are detected
• Becomes active when a phagocyte starts to eat bacteria or virus
• Eventually causes lysis

• Inhibiting rapid microbial growth
• Encouraging rapid tissue repair
• Heightening phagocytosis

• Some leukocytes
• Fragments from pathogens
• They affect the hypothalamus, causing elevated body temperature

• Host metabolic inhibition can occur
• This can cause convulsions and death

• Defensive lymphocytes
• When activated, they produce cytokines that trigger response by macrophages and other cells

• tonsils
• lymph nodes
• spleen

• cancer cells
• virus-infected cells

• Major histocompatibility complex
• Like a GUID
• Complex protein on the surface of the cell
• They are a marker that tells who a cell belongs to.
• Killer cells check to make sure things running thru the lymph nodes belong to self by looking at the MHC

Perforin and granzymes

Pathogens for Destruction

Of proteins that circulate in the bloodstream

They activate in the presence of microbes

Antibody-microbe complexes activate complement proteins that activate C3 convertase

The complement protein C3 binds to the pathogen cell surface to activate C3 convertase

C3 activation

Both Classical and Alternative cascade activation 30 proteins that results in lysis of bacteria (G-) or enveloped viruses

Lyse/rupture the invader

• Inflammatory response
• Increased phagocytosis
• Membrane attack complexes