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Life is based on _______ _______.
Carbon Molecules
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Organic chemistry?
the study of carbon-based molecules
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Carbon molecules= _______ ________
organic molecules
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What are the four classes of carbon molecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
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How many valence electrons does Carbon have?
4
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What type of bond do Carbon molecules form?
covalnet bonds
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How many elements can Carbon bond with?
up to 4
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Most biological molecules are _________.
macromolecules
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What are the largest macromolecules?
polymers
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polymer?
large molecule made of many similar or identical subunits (monomers)
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monomer?
small molecules combined with other similar or identical molecules to make a polymer
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What are the two types of carbohydrates?
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simple carbohydrates?
glucose- extremely important monomer
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complex carbohydrates?
- starch
- chitin- forms the exoskeleton of arthropods
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lipids?
- contain C, O, H (More H than carbs)
- insoluble in water (non polar)
- fats, oils, cholesterol
- function in body as insulation, energy storage, outer lining of cells
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carbohydrates?
- contain primilarly C, O, H
- breads and sugars
- simple or complex
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phospholipds?
- primary component of animal cell membranes
- dual nature
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dual nature?
- polar head= hydrophilic
- non polar tails= hydrophobic
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proteins?
- amino acids make up proteins
- have an amino grp (NH2) and carboxyl grp (COOH) attached to central carbon
- different side chains make the amino acids different from each other
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peptide?
two or more amino acids bonded together
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polypeptide?
chain of many amino acids bonded together
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How many amino acids are there?
20 different amino acids
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What are the different functions of proteins?
- enzymes- enable most chemical reactions in living organisms
- hormones- chemical messengers
- transport- move other molecules (hemoglobin)
- protective- healing, defensive (antibodies)
- structural- mechanical support (keratin-hair)
- contractile- movement (muscle contraction)
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nucleotides?
- monomers of nucleic acids
- composed of a phosphate group (sugar and nitrogenous base)
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ATP?
- adensoine tripohshate
- a nucleotide
- energy providing molecule of cells
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What are the four nitrogenous bases foudn in DNA?
- Adenine (A)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)
- Thymine (T)
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