ABSITE - Ch1: Cell Biology

• Lipid bilayer
• cholesterol increases membrane fluidity
• Negative inside compared to outside
• Na/K pump - 3 Na out/2 K in

adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular, respectively), which anchor cells

Cell-cell occluding junctions, form occluding barrier (i.e. epithelial cells)

Allow communication between cells

Intramembrane proteins that tranduce signal from receptor to response enzyme

Receptor and response enzyme are a single transmembrane protein

Glycolipids on cell membrane

Glycoproteins on cell membrane

Water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration and approach osmotic equilibrium

• Protein synthesis
• Most variable, determines cell cycle length

Chromosomal duplication

Mitosis

• Prophase: centromere attachement, spindle formation, nucleus disappears
• Metaphase: Chromosome alignment
• Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled apart
• Telophase: Separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

Double membrane, outer membrane continuous with rER

• Inside nucleus
• No membrane
• Ribosomes made here

DNA strand used by RNA polymerase for synthesis of mRNA strand

• Bind DNA to help the transcription of genes
• Steroid hormone: binds receptor in cytoplasm then enters nucleus and acts as transcroption factor
• Thyroid hormone: Binds receptor in nucleus then acts as a transcription factor

Bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

Uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences

• Guanine
• Adenine

• Cytosine
• Thymidine
• Uracil
• (GC3, AT2)

mRNA uses as a template by ribosomes for synthesis of protein

Have small and large subunits that read mRNA, then bind appropriate tRNAs that have aminoacids and eventually make proteins

1 glucose molecule generates 2ATP and 2 pyruvate

• 2 membranes
• Krebs cycle on inner matrix
• NADHFADH2 created

2 pyruvate molecules create NADH and FADH2

• Mechanism by which lactic acid (Cori cycle) and amino acids are converted to glucose
• Used in times of starvation or stress
• Fat and lipids not avalable as AceCoA cannot be converted back to pyruvate

Mechanism by which the liver coverts muscle lactate into new glucose

Synthesizes proteins that are exported

Lipid/steroid synthesis, detoxifies drugs

Modifies proteins with carbohydrates

Have digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particles and worn-out organelles

Engulfs large particles, fuses with lysosomes

Engulfed small particles, fuses with lysosomes