The flashcards below were created by user
dante01
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
Tallest tree
Sequoia sempervirens - Coast Redwood
-
Largest tree
Sequoiadendron giganteum - Giant Sequoias
-
Oldest tree
Pinus longaeva - Bristle Cone Pines: 4,700 years old.
-
Dendrochronology
- study of tree rings; can tell you
- 1) tree age
- 2) tree dynamic (what happened in that area)
- 3) precipitation
- 4) fire history
- 5) archeology
-
Stand age
Age of trees, how old a forest is (measuring establishment)
-
Precipitation
- -Match rings from the live core and the dead core and count backwards on the dead core to get information on past precipitation (10,000 years of precipitation.
- -Amount of moisture/ water.
- -Quantity of water falling to earth.
-
Fire history
- -Need entire tree slab to measure fire.
- -Cut whole tree down and look for evidence of fire or scathing.
- -Is fire natural or not?
- -how frequent fires are.
-
Gold, Carbon, and isotopes
-
Why no annual rings in the tropics?
wet all year round - no dry season
-
Species richness
number of species per unit area
-
Florisitic Composition
the array of plant species that occurs in a community or region
-
Forest Structure
density, basal area, height etc.
-
Abundance
common, uncommon, rare
-
Density
number of stems/trees
-
Basal area
- how much room does each tree take up (on the ground), what is the area of it's trunk
- -huge for forest density
-
DBH
- -Diameter at Breast Height,
- -used to measure basal area and density of forest
-
Height
how tall is it? in meters
-
Life forms
Is it a tree, shrub, or liana.
-
Natural and Cultural History
-
Sampling Methods
Methods for studying trees and shrubs.
-
Pros and Cons of Plots/Quadrats
- 1. Pros:
- -permanent plot you can measure year after year,
- -great for one vegetation type,
- -standard and repeatable
- 2. Cons
- -may be too small a plot if you're surveying a huge area
- -lots of work
-
Plots or Quadrats
- 1. establish one hectare plot.
- 2. Within that plot create nested subplots of 10x10m sections
- 3. measure the distance from the center to each tree, gives the exact location of each tree within the plot
- 4. then measure the DBH for every tree larger than specified diameter
-
Pros and cons of transects
- 1. PROS:
- -fast sample of vegetation
- -can take samples from many different places
- 2. CONS:
- -Not permanent plots
-
Transects or Belt Transects
- -lay a 50m measure through a forest and measure everything 1m to the left and 1m to the right of the tape.
- -Usually you take 10 transects with 10meters between each one.
- -Geographical approach
-
Why was there a government land grab in 1890s?
to protect the watershed, particularly in the west
-
What is the difference between a National Park and a National forest? (3)
- 1. can't cut trees in national park
- 2. can't hunt in a national park
- 3. can't use national parks as grazing land
- 4. National Park: Dept of the Interior
- 5. National Forest: U.S Dept of Agriculutre
-
Woodland types of California (name type, location and species)
- 1. Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii)
- -Sierra Neveda
- 2. Valley Oak (Quercus lobata)
- 3. Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana)
- 4. Engelmann Oak (Quercus engelmannii)
- 5. Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia)
- 6. Interior Live Oak (Quecus wislizeni)
- 7. Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis)
- 8. California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii)
-
Forest types of California (name type, location and species)
- 1. Northern Riparian Forest
- -Alaska to northern california
- -Black cottonwood
- 2. Subalpine Forest
- -mt.shasta
- -subalpine fire
- 3. Redwood Forest
- -northern, central calfornia
- -redwood sequoia
- 4. Closed-Cone Pine forest
- -coast california
- -torrey pine
- 5. Oak-Pine Woodland
- -western calfornia, sierra nevadas
- -coast live oak, california buckeye
- 6. Montane Fir Forest
- -western sierra nevadas
- -white fir
-
1891 Forest reserve act
- Federal government set aside public land all over the US, particularly in the west
- -to protect watershed
-
1960 Multiple Use and Sustained Use act
- all national forests have to
- 1. outdoor recreation
- 2. range lands - grazing
- 3. timber - cut trees down for wood
- 4. watershed protection
- 5. wildlife and fish habitat
-
Clearcutting:Problems
- 1. soil erosion- it washes into streams
- 2. water runoff - effects salmon runs
- 3. one or two speices planting - no biodiversity
- 4. all trees the same age - same height, nothing in understory - cuts biodiversity
- 5. decline in species overall
- 6. herbicide runs into water sources
-
Clearcutting
go into an area and cut down all the trees, sell it for timber
-
Why did the National Forest Service lose money, how much each year under Reagan?
- -Reagan put James Walts in office and Walts wanted to clear cut all forests for private use.
- -Sold lots of timber land and lost $1.3 billion a year cutting down Forests.
- -Lost the money due to Roads and Restoration which were expensive.
- -Reagan did increase wilderness areas by 10% as a way to redeem himself.
-
Current Issues in Forest Ecosystems in the US
- 1. Exotic introduction
- 2. Water quality
- 3. Logging
- 4. Fire management
-
Logging
- cutting trees for sale of timber
- -selective or clearcutting
-
Why is redwood a good timber tree
- 1. Resistant to fire
- 2. Resistant to decay
- -cant be eaten by insects
- 3. Beauty
- 4. Fast growing
- 5. Large
-
Problems of suppressing fire in the West
- -let understory grow a lot...
- -now we have lots of firs between pines
- -no fire to open new seeds
-
Choices to restore forest
- 1) Reduce fuel load (fuel load = dead plants) by re-introducing fire and make mosaics again. (mosaics = small fires that occur as mosaics).
- -Problems: a) Can get out of control b) air quality (have to make sure it is a clean day). 2) Mechanical removal: selectively log small trees and some big ones which creates an open canopy like before the Europeans. (re-introduces ground burning.)
- -Problems: a) cut huge trees down than leave one tree in the middle b) reduce review period of the public to 30 days (not enough time)
- 3) Do nothing: if we do nothing it is going to get dryer and hotter and get big fire
-
Roadless Areas
areas without roads
-
2001, the Roadless Area Conservation Rule: Why overturned?
- -prohibitions on road construction, road reconstruction, and timber harvesting on 58.5 million acres of inventoried roadless areas on National Forest System lands
- -Bush wanted states to decide
-
How miles of highway in US
44,000
-
How many miles of logging roads?
380,000 miles
-
Tongass: Why Cool, Problem, Future
- -Southeast Alaska
- -Largest National forest in the United States
- -Problem: logging old-growth forest, road building, privatizaton
- -Future: tourism, sustained timber harvest of 50% young growth
-
species richness: boreal forest
3 per hectare
-
species richness: temperate rainforest
12 per hectare
-
species richness: temperate deciduous forest
36 per hectare species richness
-
species richness: tropical rainforest
- -300 per hectare
- -occur in Amazon Basin, Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia
-
species richness: cloud forest
- -200 per hectare
- -occur where there are mountain ranges in the tropics (Andes, Central America, Volcanoes in Africa, Southeast Asia)
-
species richness: tropical dry forest
- -75 per hectare
- -Occurs in due fluctuation of the ITCZ from N. hemisphere and S. hemisphere (Hawaii)
-
species richness: mangroves
3 per hectare
-
Coast Live Oak Uses
acorn subsistence for native Americans
-
Elderberry Uses
vitamin C
-
Buckeye Uses
asphyxiates fish when thrown into a stream, so the fish float to the surface
-
California Sycamore Uses
toilet paper
-
Laurel Sumac Uses
insect repellant
-
Temperate Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
-
Boreal Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
- -where: slim band northern hemisphere (50N)
- -climate: cold
- -species richness: 3, smaller trees in the poles, larger trees in CA-
- fire: yes
-
Temperate Rainforest Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
- -where: tongs forest in alaska, north coast CA, norway, japan, southern new zealand
- -climate: lots of rain
- -richness: 12/ha
- -fire: yes
-
Temperate Deciduous Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
- -where: east coast, china
- -climate:very cold to warmer
- -richness: 36
- -fire: no
-
Meditterean Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
- -where: CA, Europe, South Africa, SW Australia, Chile
- -climate: wet winter, dry summer
- - fire: yes
- -richness: 4
-
Tropical Rain Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
- where: amazon basin, congo basin, SE asia
- -climate: lots of rain, warm
- - fire: no
- -richness: 300
-
Cloud Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
- -where: anywhere where there are mountains in the tropics (andes, africa, south east asia)
- -climate: very wet and cloudy
- -fire: nospecies
- -richness: 200
-
Tropical Dry Forests: where, climate, species richness, fire
- -where: ICTZ borders (where dry land) and back of mountain ranges
- -climate: dryer (wet season)
- -fire: no
- -richness: 75
-
Mangroves: where, climate, species richness, fire
-
Species Packing in the Tropics
You can have 300 species in one area, but each species is very rare so there is never one dominating species.
-
-
Riparian Areas
A forest along the river, generally made of oaks and willows
-
Worlds Most Endangered Forest
Tropical Dry Forest
-
How to find most endangered forest
- 1) current extent of forest
- 2) Areas Protected
- 3) Plot Data and species list
- 4) Level of Endemism
- 5) Levels of Endangerment.
- -USE GIS to compare
-
Biodiversity Hotspots
- -Places with exceptionally high diversity and endemism.
- -They are also under an exceptional degree of threat from humans.
- -ex: Mesoamerica, Caribbean, Andes, Savannah, Atlantic Forests of Brazil, Mediterranean basin, NE Asia, New Zealand, Mediterranean of Australia, New Caledonia
-
GIS and Remote Sensing
- 1. GIS (geographic Information system): point line an areal data --> attributes used to analyze.
- 2. Remote Sensing (uses satelite and is pixal and grid based)
-
Why is New Caledonia Unique?
-New Caledonia is an island that broke off Australia 46 million years ago and kept plants from Australia from the time it broke off.
-
Why are Hawaiian Plants Threatened?
- It takes one plant 18,000 years to reach the island where it evolves, but loses many of its defenses.
- 1. Plant evolves in isolation
- -not exposed to humans, fire, diseases
- 2. Lost defenses
-
where is the the most endangered forest?
Hawaii Tropical dry forest
|
|