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Antebellum
Latin for "before the war"
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Abolitionism
social reform movement to end slavery and the slave trade.
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bleeding kansas
the violence that erupted in kansas over slaver
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contraband
slaves who fled the plantations for protection behind union lines
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confederate states of america
those states that seceded form the US to form a new political entity
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conscience whigs
politicians who opposed the Mexican American War
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cotton gin
machine used for processing cotton invented in 1783
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chivalry
Code of behavior that emphasizes personal honor and male protection of female dependents
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expansionism
policy of seeking land and trade beyond a countries boundaries
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forty-niners
more than 80,000 settlers who descended on California as a part of the gold rush
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fire eaters
Southern proslavery extremists who sought secession from the union
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filibuster
strategy used in the US senate to prevent legislation from coming to a vote
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free soul
congress should prohibit slavery within western territories
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fourierism
movement based on the ideas of Charles Fourier
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free labor
work conducted free from constraint and in accordance with the loborers personal inclinations and will
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factory
manufacturing business created in the late 18th century
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gold rush
an inflex of fortune seekers into an area following rumors of gold.
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great american desert
name given to the drought-stricken Great Plains by Euro-Americans
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habeas corpus
the constitutional right that protects citizens against arbitrary arrest and detention
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interstate slave trade
slave trade between states that continued after the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade in 1808
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know-nothings
a nativist political party that enjoyed a brief popularity in the decade before the Civil War
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king cotton
used to express the dominance of cotton in the economy of the antebellum south
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limited liability
contractual clause ensuring that the personal assets of shareholders con not be seized to cover the debts of a corporation
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industrial revolution
industrialization caused tremendous changes in the lives and work of people in a number of regions
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individualism
to describe americans as people no longer bound by social attachments to class, castes, associations, and families
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Mason-Dixon Line
The surveyors' mark
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Mulatto
offspring of white and blacks
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miscegenation
sexual mixing of the races, especially whites (male) and black (females)
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mechanics
a class of skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery
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mormonism
religion founded by joseph smith in 1830
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manifest destiny
to express the popular 19th century belief that the US was destined to expand westward
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market revolution
combined impact of the rapidly increasing production of goods and the development of a transportation network to distribute them.
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promontory point
site in Utah where the railway lines built by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific met.
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popularity sovereignty
pre-civil war idea that the residents of a territory should determine, through their legislatures, whether to allow slavery
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planters
owners of large forms that were worked by 20+ slaves
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perfectionism
Christian movement that believed people could achieve moral perfection in their earthly lines
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phalanxes
utopian cooperative work groups that organized as part of the Fourierist movement
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polygamy
practice of a man having multiple wifes
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sectionalism
concern only for the interests of one part of a country
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secession
a states withdrawal from the union
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Scott vs Sanford
1857 supreme court case ruling that no black person, slave or free could claim citizenship rights
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shakers
religious group derived from the quakers that followed the vision of "Mother Ann"
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squatter
someone who settles on land he or she doesnt own
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steam engine
invention of the industrial revolution that harnessed mechanical energy from high-pressure steam
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transcontinental railroad line
means of transportation that connected the eastern US with the state of California and other territories in the west
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task system
system of labor in which a slave was assigned a daily task to complete and allowed to do as he wished upon its completion
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telegraph
an electrical were to transmit messages over a long distance
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temperance movement
movement to end drunkenness that urged people to abstain from the consumption of alcohol
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transcendentalism
movement that believed individuals should look within themselves for truth and guidance
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upper south
8 northern most southern states
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utopians
communities founded by reformers and transcendentalists
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westward expansion
Americans' settlement westward, in the 19th century
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whigs
in the US, and political party that began in 1834 with the opponents of Andrew Jackson
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yeoman
farmer who owned a small plot of land sufficient to support a family
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