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what are nerves?
groups of neurons
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Neurons are covered by a membrane called?
neurolemma
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what's the function of the axon?
to conduct nerve impulses to and from the cell the cell body
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The axon is insulated by a covering of fat called the?
myelin
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what are schwaan cells?
individual segments of myelin sheaths which gives advantage by allowing signals to travel faster
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What are the little gaps between schwaan cells called?
nodes of ranvier
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what's the last neuron called? what is the neuromuscular junction?
- terminal neuron
- it's the space between the terminal neuron and skeletal muscle
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what's a motor unit?
are made up of a individual neuron and the number of muscles fibers it innervates
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what are the 3 factors affecting force of contraction?
- motor units: more motor units, greater the force of contraction
- velocity/speed: as velocity increases, force decreases
- length of muscle fibers
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CNS initiates nerve impulse through brain and spinal cord. Describe the one exception.
reflex contraction: muscle stimulus initiated from receptors on skin instead of brain
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what is the interneuron? where is it located?
- interneuron analyzes info coming in from skin receptors
- located between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
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what is the cerebral cortex?
outer part of the brain
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define sensory cortex.
the terminating area for afferent impulses
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what's the motor cortex?
this is where output of efferent impulses are initiated
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what 4 structures of the body require minimal stimuli to contract a single muscle? (really sensitive)
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define premotor cortex.
- sports skills area of brain
- allows complex movement like ballerina and tight rope walking
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what is function of the cerebellum?
compares info from efferent impulses to feedback from sensory receptors, and creates a revised impulse (correction factor) from the cerebral cortex where the original impulse was initiated
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what's the name of the function of the cerebellum?
feedback circuit of the cerebellum
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what is proprioception?
- aspect of nervous system that provides info about movement
- along with cerebellum, also important for reaching high level of movement
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what are proprioceptors and where can they be located?
- receptors that pick up stimuli like dynamic of movement, quality of movement
- can be located in muscles and tendon
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what is the feeling of movement called?
kinesthesia
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Name the 3 types of proprioceptors.
- muscle spindle
- Golgi tendon organ
- pacinian corpuscle
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what is the function of the muscle spindle and where is I located?
- detects stretching of muscle, by detecting length along the fibers, especially rapid stretching
- located in muscle tissue, along muscle fibers
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what does the muscle spindle do when it picks up a stimulus?
- it initiates a protective response (stretch reflex)
- tells muscle to contract to prevent injury
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Muscle spindles are facilatory. what does this mean?
it means the stimuli will result in a movement, in this case muscle contracting
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what is the name of the stretching for pro athletes?
proprioneuro facilatory stretching (PNF)
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what's the function of the Golgi tendon organ? where is it located?
- detects increasing stretching/tension of a tendon
- located in tendon
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What is the response to a Golgi tendon organ? (3)
- allows for movement to continue slowly
- allows us to perform muscle contraction with control
- inhibitory
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what is the function of pacinian corpuscle? (2) where is it located?
- picks up changes in joint movement
- picks up info on limb position
- located at joints
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define conduction.
transfer of impulse from neuron to neuron
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Pre-synaptic neuron releases acetylcholine for the transfer of impulse to post-synaptic neuron. what is acetylcholine?
its a transmitter substance that aids in the transfer of impulse from neuron to neuron between synapses
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In order to contract a muscle or conduct an impulse, what must be reached?
action potential must be reached
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Define action potential.
It's a sudden change in electrical activity across the cell membrane, usually due to a rapid flow of Na+ across the membrane into the cell
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