Radiology

• - lateral decubitus with affected side uppermost
• - in expiration

to lie on the sound side during the early stages of pleurisy

• lateral decubitus with affected side lowermost
• Minimum fluid detected:
• - Lateral decubitus view: >10ml
• - Lateral veiw( for subpulmonic location): >75ml
• - PA view: >175ml

A. Medulloblastoma

K⁴⁰: emits alpha and beta rays

Gestational sac

Gallium scan

Polycystic Kidney Disease

• open fontanell
• absence of radiation
• low cost

D. Multiple myeloma

• Sturge-Weber syndrome = encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis
• - tram track appearance d/t intracerebral meningeal angiomatous calcification

Gadolinium

unusual CXR of sarcoidosis

Thumb printing: focal thickening causing soft tissue indentations into air filled colonic lumen

CT scan > MRI

• Osteomalacia
• - Loosers zone also k/a Milkman's pseudofracture, Umbauzonen

5 rads/year

B. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma

• - Kerley B lines appear d/t fluid in interlobular septa appearing as thin, dense, horizontal streak
• - indicates mod. to severe pulmonary venous HTN (>22mmHg)

C. Ultrasound

CT head

• Tc^99m DTPA (Diethyl Triamene Penta Acetic acid)
• - freely filtered, neither secreted nor absorbed

D. Anencephaly

- can be detected in 1st trimester

Frontal and Lateral view

Se⁷⁵ (Selenium)

C. Pulmonary angiography

Though pulmonary angiography is the gold standard in pulmonary embolism, use of less invasive methods in  appropriate clinical settings may provide a sufficient degree of certainity of pulmonary embolism to justify anticoagulant therapy without angiography. Lung scanning is the principal imaging test for diagnosis of PTE

• C. Ventilation-perfusion scan
•  - also k/a lung scanning

G2M stage > M stage

pathognomic of Hamartoma

CT (high resol) > Bronchography

• calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
• radiologically: "Driven snow appearance" or "Honeycomb pattern"

Chronic pancreatitis

Osteopetrosis

USG

Leiomyoma

• craniopharyngioma
• supracellar calcification may be seen

• Thallium
• Technetium

• based on magnetic movement of nucleus
• images produced due to H⁺ (proton)

^99mTc labelled RBCs

Metrizamide

• GB: Iopanoic acid (oral cystographic agent)
• Heart, Blood vessels: Conray (Iothalamate)
• Bronchography: Dianosil (Propyl iodine)

Lymphocyte

Tallium technetium isotope substraction scan

• A. 5-FU
•  it acts as radio sensitizing agent

• Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
• d/t elongated pyloric canal

• other signs:
• - Pyloric beak sign
• - shoulder sign

Eosinophilic granuloma

Severe hydronephrosis

• Normal/near normal CXR in a dyspnoeic pt.
• Other signs:
• - Westermark's sign: focal oligemia
• - Hampton's hump: peripheral wedge shaped density abvoe diaphragm
• - Enlarged rt. descending pulmonary artery

• Ureterocoele
• Cobra head also k/a spring onion deformity

WPW syndrome

Femoral artery

A. Turner's syndrome

cystic hygroma of neck - suggestive but not specific for Turner's syndrome

Cadwell's view

use in trnasducer of USG

PZT: Lead Zirconate Titanate) is polarized ceramic (though called crystal) used in USG transducer

Californium²⁵²

Strontium

• a. by Laennec
• b. by Helmholtz
• c. Godfrey Hounsfield

• Air: -1000
• Water: 0
• Brain tissue: 22 - 46
• Soft tissue: 40 - 80
• Bone: 1000 - 3000

C. Ochronosis

Nail Patella Syndrome

• Rt. side: Brachiocephalic vein, Superior venacava, Rt. atrium, Inf. venacava
• Lt. side: Lt. subclavian artery, Aortic knob (notch), Main pulmonary artery, Lt. atrial appendage, Lt. ventricle

D. USG

• discoverd in 1895, accidentally by Roentgen
• penetrating electromagnetic radiation
• shorter wave length than light
• produced by bombaarding target (Tungsten) with electron
• shorter the wavelength more energy/powerful the Xray
• Soft X-rays: longer wavelength X-rays
• Hard X-rays: Shorter wavelength X-rays
• White X-rays: mixture of different wavelenths
• Monochromatic X-rays: single wavelength X-ray
• Photosensitive material used: Silver hyalide

• 4-9th ribs
• d/t enlargement of intercostal arteries

B. Oligemia of upper lung field

d. Gaucher's disease

also seen in ... (ask PRS)

Spondylolistheisis

Tc^99m MDP and PYP

Bronchoalveolar Ca

• A. Amniocentesis
•  (increased AFP and presence of AchE =98% accuracy)

• Pulmonary echinococcosis
• also k/a hydatid cyst of lung

• Gall bladder
• d/t its folding or septated compartment near the fundus

B. Carcinoid syndrome

Duodenal atresia

CT with contrast

Werner Frossman

lowlanders in high land

Monge's dz=Chronic mountain sickness = secondary polycythemia

Achondroplasia

measures optical activity of organic substance

• local heating
• cavitation
• microstreaming

Henri Becquerel

Later Marie Curie and Pierre Curie deduced radioactivity as a phenomenon associated with atoms

was used in breast imaging for early diagnosis of Ca breast

• Lead
• Apron: 0.5mm
• Wall: 1-1.5mm

C. Erosion of sella

Recurrent subluxation

alpha particles forming the gas radon

Infrared radiation

Tented diaphragm

HIDA biliary scan- confirmatory for ac. chole if bile duct imaging is seen without visualization of gall bladder

Coarctation of aorta

Periampullary carcinoma

• resins in hairspray
• also k/a "Hair spray pneumonitis"
• causes granulomatous infiltration like sarcoidosis

• USG
• Intraoperative USG + surgical palpation =85-100% detection

b. Developmental dysplasia of hip

Ventricular dilatation

Crohn's disease

Ulcerative colitis

A. Malignant ascites

A. Adenolymphoma

• Pulmonary stenosis
• TOF (tetralogy of Fallot)

Propyl iodine (Dianosil)

barium swallow must NOT be done

Thalassemia (Cooley's anemia)

MRI

• Osteoid osteoma
• Fibrous dysplasia
• Metastases

• Rx of choice: radiotherapy
• Radio iodine uptake: need not be done d/t poor uptake

• poliomyelitis
• metastatic calcification of tumor
• Melorhostosis (Leri's disease)

• 12 yrs
• are shallow depressions on inner table of skull d/t pulsating brain
• Persistence or increased prominence is related to increased ICT or craniostoses

Lumbosacral region

D. Transverse fracture of atlas

• Pantomography- panaromic radiography
• Extra oral curved surface X-ray showing entire upper and lower jaw in a continuous single film

Sutural diastasis

used for angiography

pathognomic of Hypothyroidism

• CO₂
• CH₄
• O₃ : ozone
• N₂O

Mastoid air cells

• Squamous cell Ca
• - most common lung tumor to cavitate

Urinary bladder

Pineal body calcification

Lev's disease

Micturating cystogram

Rx: Valve fulguration

Propyliodine (Dianosil)

Intussuception

• Rt. atrium
• or rt. ventricle

Gray

• Curie = unit of radiation emitted
• ??

MRI > CT scan

CT scan

Cupping and flaring of epiphyseal/metaphyseal area

• Gaucher's disease
• Also in osteoporosis, osteomalacia

• Strangulation of incompletely obstructed loop of bowel
• d/t ovoid appearance

Patchy alveolar nodule

Melorheostosis (Leri's disease)

• Congenital fusion of cervical spine
•  - short neck, low posterior hairline, painless limitation of cervical movement

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

d/t giant duodenal ulcer

• Wimberger's ring
• White line of Frankel
• Truemmerfield zone
• Subperiosteal haemorrhage

irradiation of tissue by placing radioactive sources into the tissue

• average of ratio of lenth of each of the last four metacarpals to the width of its midpoint
• Normal: <8
• Marfan's syndrome >8.4

Orbital blow out fracture

• also k/a Snowman appearance
• seen in
• TAPVC(Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

A. Gas in the intestinal wall

Intramural gas seen as "train track" lucency (pneumatosis intestinalis) is pathognomic of NEC

MIBG scan: MetaIodoBenzylGuanidine scan

Angiography

precise delivery of radiation to a brain tumor with sparing of surrounding normal brain

Cobalt-60

Corpus callosum lipoma

• Volvulous sigmoid colon
• - birds beak like projection due to proximal rectum narrowing towards the point of obstruction

D. Interstitial lung disease

Asbestosis

Maxillay sinus

• Maxillary sinus, Ethmoid sinus: present at birth
• Frontal: after 2 years
• sphenoid: after 7 years

• always unilateral
• - unilateral pleural effusion with exudate containing lymphocytes

Gamma > Beta > Alpha

B. Osteosclerosis of vertebral body

• typical X-ray features:
• -Osteosclerosis, osteophytosis amd ossification of legamentous and fascial attachments
• -changes most marked in spine and pelvis

CO₂

contrast MCU (Micturating cystourethrogram)

Erythema

Asymptomatic pericardial effusion

Duplex USG

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Shielding of room from external electromagnetic radiation by continuous sheet of wire mesh of copper or aluminium

Rh. arthritis and pneumoconiosis with progressive massive fibrosis of lung in coal workers

MRI with Gadolinium contrast

• a. TOF
• b. A/P relationship of great vessels in transposition ocomplexes
• c. TAPVC

D. Soap bubble appearance

it is seen in osteoclastoma

A. IV urography

In the very earliest stages of the disease the normally clear cut outline of a renal papilla may be rendered indistinct by the presence of ulceration

technique employed in radiotherapy to counteract the effect of tumor motion d/t breathing

B. Measuring the radioactivity

it is a device to scan pt having injected with small amount of radioactive materials

D. Acute parotitis

as contrast can rupture the duct as well as exacerbate the infection by pushing bacteria back into gland

I.V. urogram

if urogram is normal during an attack, the pt. does not have renal colic