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Deductive Reasoning
proceeds from general to specific; in science leads from hypothesis to prediction
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dogma
established belief, not to be questioned
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falsifiability
open to be disproven
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hypothesis
logical explanation for an observed phenomenon based on experience and knowledge
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inductive reasoning
proceeds from specific to general, in science leads from observations to a specific hypothesis
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law
explains a specific action, considered to be reliable until disproven
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observation
sensation caused by one or more of the five senses
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parsimony (prinicple of)-
simplest explanation is the best explanation until disproven
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theory
explanation that brings together a group of hypotheses; confirmed through repeated tests
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Objectives
- list and understand steps involved in sci method
- list and understand characteristics of an appropriate hypothesis and be able to indentify a good hypothesis
- differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning
- differentiate between theory, law and dogma
- describe and properly apply the various sections of a lab report
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bar graph
pictorial representation of one time measurements
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line graph
pictoral representation of data that changes continuously over time
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pie chart
pictorial representation of proportion each subpart contributes to the whole
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chisquare test
compare data to a predicted standard often used to compare to mendelian prediction
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deviation
diff in value between individual measssurements and the mean
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normal dist
mean, median, mode are indentical
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one tailed test
a t test used when comparing indentical organisms before and after an experiment treatment
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stand dev
square root of the variance,small one indicate data tightly clustered around mean
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t test
test to determine if two sets of data are sig diff
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two tailed test
a t test used when comparing two diff populations
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variance
avg of the squared deviations from the mean
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amino group
NH3 group found on every amino acid
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anino
negatively charged due to gain of e-
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atom mass
pro and neutrons
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carb
compound composed of carbon, H, and O in which H to O ratio is 2:1
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carboxyl
acid group of aa or fatty acid COOH
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cation
positively charged due to loss of e-
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condensation
chem rx two molecules are bonded together to form a larger molecule with water as a byproduct
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dipeptide
two aas by peptide
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emulsification
mechanical breakdown of large fat globules into smaller fat globules
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fatty acid
chain of C atoms bonded by h atoms and with a terminal carboxyl group, a fat is formed from 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
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glycerol
3 carbon molecule that forms a fat when bound to 3 fatty acids
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glycogen
polysaccharide compose of glucose molecules, storage form of carb in liveran muscles
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hydrogen ion
atom that has lost a negatively charged electron and therfore is positively charged
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peptide bond
between amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another aa
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polypeptide
a molecule in which many aas are bonded together by peptide bonds
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protein
a complex molecule made up of one or more polypeptide chains, condensation of aas
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starch
polyscaccaride of 300-1000 glucose molecules produced only plant cells
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formed by condenstation of aas
protein
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composedof aa linked in peptide bonds
protein
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long carbon chain with several doub bonds
unsat
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formed by hydrolysis of disacc
glucose, maltose
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this plus 3 fatty acids forms a fat
glycerol
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formed by hydrolysisof protein
aa
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turns green with Benedicts reagent plus heat
maltose
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turns violet with biuret agent
protein
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turns black with iodine
starch
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turns blue with ninhydrin
aa
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stained by sudan-blacd
fat
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6 char of enzymes
- polypeptide chains
- catalysts
- very specific
- ph sensi
- temp sensitive
- more efficient with max contact with substrate
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catalase
enzyme that promotes conversion of h peroxide to water and O
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catalyst
alters rate of a chemical rx but is not affected by itself
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enzyme
cell product capableof altering the rate of a chem rx,organc catalyst
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metabolism
sum of all chem rx in a cell
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