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SGEs have been suggested to cause what
repro isolation and speciation
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cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by wolbachia promotes what and allows what
isolation and allows divergence to continue
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shoemaker et al looked at repro isolation in two spp of drosophila who live in what
sympatry in USA
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the 2 spp of drosophila both use what for mating and oviposition
mushrooms
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if they both use these mushrooms, breeders must what
encounter each other
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what happened when he allowed d. recens males and d. subquinaria females to mate
they mated
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d. subquinaria males and d. recens females- mate or not mate?
mate
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shoemaker et al conducted crosses and found what
there was a wolbachia barrier- CI in one direction was coupled to other isolating mechanisms in the other such as mate discrimination eliminating gene flow between species
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however, it is unclear whether wolbachia provide sufficient what? are they associated w what frequently enough
isolation btw spp to allow speciation. speciation
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bidirectional compatibility has been looked at in what
the nasonia complex- 3 sister spp of parasitic wasp that diverged from their common ancestor 250,000 years ago. all three are infected w wolbachia and some have a double infection
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through multiple infections, CI remains efficient in Nasonia by what
favouring females with greatest bacterial diversity
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in Nasonia, different strains have different modification rescue systems which leads to what
incompatibility within 2 organisms of the same spp
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as the nasonia wasps are infected by multiple strains, there is a higher change of what
compatible repro by having one strain in common
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interspecific matings of 3 spp of Nasonia wasp led to what
all male offspring or embryonic death due to CI
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they eliminated the nasonia wolbachia infection with antibiotics and found what
viable female hybrids- wolbachia is responsible for barrier
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Bordenstein et al 2001 found what
infection with 2 different strains in Nasonia was the first reproductive barrier
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weeks et al 2002 said what
wolbachia not supported as cause of speciation, cannot rule it out
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chamoion de crespigny et al 2006
- wolbachia and mating behaviour- drosophila melanogaster and d. simulans. varying levels of CI
- wolbachia infected males from both spp mate at a higher rate, for longer periods, with shorter intervals btw matings
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CdC et al found a decline in CI associated with mating history suggesting what
male mating reduce transmission adv of wolbachia
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non virgin d./simulans had____% less CI than virgins, and d.m had ____% less
50/60
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overal CdC concluded what
mating improves fitness as males regain reproductive compatibility w infected females. strong selective adv for mating at a high rate leading to high promiscuity levels, infected males trade off the costs
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burt et al
- p elements in d. melanogaster- if all removed, fitness would increase by 10%.
- t halotype at 5% frequency decreases fitness by 2%
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Jiggins et al 2000 looked at the butterfly Acraea encedon, where females are ltd by access to males for reproduction. she found that infected females do what
form lekking swarms at landmarks to solicit matings from males, mated females leave. the sex role is reversed. results in frequency dependent selection against infected females.
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uninfected butterflies benefit when males are scarce. this may prevent the infection spreading to what
fixation
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Jiggins et al 2000 concluded what
that wolbachia altered the mating system, which then altered the dynamics of wolbachia
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