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brainstem basic fcn
control of basic functions - respiration, cardiovascular
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parts of the brainstem (3)
- 1) medulla
- 2) pons
- 3) midbrain
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hypothalamus basic fcn
regulatory fcns - autonomic control, H2O balance, temperature, eating, circadian rhythm
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thalamus basic fcn
central relay station
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amygdala basic fcn
storage/processing of emotional memories
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hippocampus basic fcn
long-term memory formation
(esp related to spatial & contextual orientation)
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basal ganglia basic fcn
- initiation of motor activity
- habitual behavior
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cerebellum basic fcn
control of motor activity
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parts of the cerebral cortex (4)
- 1) parietal lobe
- 2) occipital lobe
- 3) temporal lobe
- 4) frontal lobe
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parietal lobe basic fcn
sensory perception & association
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occipital lobe basic fcn
visual perception
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temporal lobe basic fcn (3)
- visual processing
- auditory processing
- long-term memory storage
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frontal lobe basic fcn (3)
- planning, "executive" fcns
- conscious thought
- speech, skilled motor control
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3 functions of the blood-brain barrier
- 1) control of entry substances
- 2) protects against sudden concentration changes in many substances (eg: ions)
- 3) protect against infectious agents
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3 main structural features of the BBB
- 1) tight junctions
- 2) basal lamina
- 3) end-feet
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BBB endothelial cells that line the blood vessels contact one another with _______ and do not have the pores & fenestrations that peripheral vessels have
tight junctions
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brain capillaries rest on the continuous membrane, the _____ that forms a continuous barrier
basal lamina
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astrocytes send out processes called ____ that surround the outside of the vessels
end-feet
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3 features entry into the BBB is dictated by
- 1) transporter molecules
- 2) endo- & exocytosis
- 3) hydrophobicity
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3 major dopamine pathways
- 1) nigrostriatal
- 2) mesolimbic
- 3) tuberoinfundibular
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nigrostriatal pathway assoc'd structures
- substantia nigra (origin)
- striatum (termination)
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mesolimbic pathway assoc'd structures
- ventral tegmental area (origin)
- prefrontal cortex (termination)
- nucleus accumbens (termination)
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tuberoinfundibular pathway assoc'd structure
hypothalamus
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nigrostriatal pathway involvement in DA pathway
motor control
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tuberoinfundibular pathway involvement in DA pathway
control of prolactin secretion
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mesolimbic pathway involvement in DA pathway
reward, motivation, pleasure
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5 main sx of Parkinson's disease
- 1) rhythmical tremor at rest
- 2) increase in muscle tone
- 3) difficulty in initiation of movement
- 4) lack of spontaneous movement (akinesia)
- 5) slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
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underlying pathology of Parkinson's
loss of the DA neurons leads ultimately to inhibition of outgoing signals from the basal ganglia
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how is L-DOPA effective in Parkinson's?
- L-DOPA is the precursor for the synthesis of DA
- L-DOPA crosses the BBB, taken up by DA neurons, & converted to DA to increase the amt available for release
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5 main L-DOPA adjuncts
- 1) carbidopa
- 2) tolcapone
- 3) amantadine
- 4) mirapex
- 5) selegiline
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dopamine decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitor which prevents conversion of L-DOPA to DA in the bloodstream
carbidopa
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blocks catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in the brain which metabolizes L-DOPA
tolcapone
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blocks DA reuptake in the brain to prolong the effects of released DA
amantadine
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selective DA agonists that help boost the effect of released DA
mirapex
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blocks MOA which metabolizes DA
selegiline
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free nerve endings widespread in epidermis & some internal tissues
nociceptors
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what nociceptors respond to
- mechanical stimulation (stretch)
- thermal stimulation (heat/cold)
- chemical stimulation (signaling molecules released due to injury)
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2 types of fibers that make up pain-sensing afferents
- 1) A
 - 2) C
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myelinated, rapid transmission, transmits "sharp" pain (mechanical, thermal) fibers
A
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unmyelinated, slow transmission, transmits "dull" aching pain (mech, thermal, chem)
C-fibers
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2 types of NT's released from pain-sensing afferents
- 1) substance P
- 2) glutamate
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- small peptide included in the tachykinin family
- slow to be removed
- responsible for progressive intensity & persistence, even after painful stimulus is removed
substance P
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small, "classic" NT released from pain sensing afferents which is removed quickly from the synaptic cleft
glutamate
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5 main brain structures involved in pain sensation & modulation
- 1) RVM (rostroventral medulla)
- 2) periaqueductal gray (PAG)
- 3) thalamus
- 4) cortex
- 5) amygdala
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structure assoc'd w/ dull pain
periaqueductal gray (in midbrain of brain stem)
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structure assoc'd w/ sharp pain
cortex (cingulate, insular, somatosensory)
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- ligand-gated ion channel which selectively allows Cl- ions to flow into the cell when it is activated
- made up of 5 subunits (w/ 15 subtypes) in 14 different combinations heterogeneously dist'd throughout the brain
GABAA
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GABA R that is a G-protein coupled protein of which there are 2 subtypes
GABAB
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