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1.What are some English examples of demonstrative pronouns
a.“this/these” and “that/those”
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2.What Greek words are demonstrative pronouns?
- a.Outos (with a rough breathing and circumflex) meaning “this/these”
- b.Ekeivos meaning “that/those”
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3.When a demonstrative functions as a pronoun how are it’s a) case, b) number, and c) gender determined?
- a.Case is determined by its function in the sentence
- b.Number is determined by its antecedent.
- c.Gender is determined by its antecedent.
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4.When a demonstrative functions as an adjective, how are its case, number and gender determined?
a.By the noun it is modifying.
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5.What is peculiar about the form of demonstratives?
- a.The neuter singular nominative and accusative do not use case endings, so the form ends in the stem omicron rather than “ov”.
- b.“outos” always begins with a rough breathing or tau. This is important in distinguishing the feminine demonstrative (autai – with rough breathing) from autos (smooth breathing).
- c.The first stem vowel used in outos (rough) depends upon the final stem vowel
- a.If the final vowel is alpha or eta, the demonstrative will have “au” in the stem (tautais, tautns)
- b.If the final vowel is omicron, the stem will have “ou”
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6.How do you translate a demonstrative if functioning as a pronoun?
a.Ex. “outos” = this (man/one) it may require the additional word in paranthesis.
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7.If a demonstrative is functioning as an adjective, what position does it occur in?
- a.The predicate position (no article in front of the demonstrative.
- b.Ex:. Outos ‘o anthropos = this man
- c.This is the opposite of other adjectives so don’t get them confused.
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8.What is the vocative case?
- a.The case of direct address. A noun used the vocative case when it is being directly addressed.
- b.In the plural, the vocative is always identical to the nominative plural (ex. Avthropoi)
- c.In the singular first declension, the vocative is the same as the nominative (adelpn)
- d.In the singular second declension, the vocative ending is usually and epsilon (apostole)
- e.In the singular third declension, the vocative is usually the bare stem of the word, sometimes with the stem vowel being changed (vocative of patnr is pater)
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9.What are the degrees of an adjective and what Greek words are used for each degree?
- a.The positive degree – the uncompared form of the adjective: “large” (megas)
- b.The comparative degree – the greater of the two terms: “larger” (meizwn)
- c.The superlative degree – describes the greatest, or a comparison of three or more - “largest” (megistws)
- a.In Koine Greek the superlative was dyng out and its function was being assumed by the comparative… context is the key to translation.
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10.What is a “crasis”?
a.When a word is formed by combining two words. Ex: kagw is a crasis of kai and egw.
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11.What is unique about the word “polus”?
a.It looks like a cross between a second and third declension word.
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