Comm 1

use of figurative language, hidden meanings, sarcasm, nicknames, used in relationships

direct meaning, used in formal settings, literal, professional

• know your audience
• confidence 
• enthusiasm
• eye contact

Gain and Maintain

• Impromptu
• Extemporaneous
• Manuscript
• Memorized

• natural style
• telling a story
• using an outline
• knowing the speech well
• hand gestures
• eye contact

• hand gestures
• posture
• eye contact
• appearance

• Rhetorical question
• Narrative
• Quote
• Visual Aids

• purpose is to enlighten audience
• unbiased 
• just give information

• Descriptive
• Demonstrative
• Definition

Purpose: change audience's opinion about something

• Actuate: get audience to take action
• Convince: change audience's opinion
• Stimulate: Motivate, get audience pumped up

• Forming: introductory phase, superficial conversation, brainstorming, first impressions
• Storming: different conflicting ideas, group members can't agree
• Norming: group members get past disagreement, get into a rythm
• Performing: giving the speech

• 1. identify the problem
• 2. Conduct research/analysis
• 3. establish guidelines and criteria
• 4. generate solutions
• 5. Select best solution
• 6. Evaluate solution

• in a group task roles are hands on roles that directly relate to group's accomplishment of its objectives
• e.g. "recording secretary" takes note

an assembly for discussion of issues of public interest

• a group of people discusses a topic in the presence of an audience
• moderator is needed to introduce panel members, ask questions, and summarize discussion and directs questions from the audience

formal meeting where various speakers deliver short speeches on different aspects of the same topic

makes decisions and announces them to the group

people govern themselves, everyone's involved

asks the group to make decisions

Leader makes decisions with the group

Leaderless group, no structure, everyone has to be motivated to do their part without anyone telling them what to do

group conformity, other person is right, focus on serving the group

Lengthy speech, effective, opens for someone important

speaks during graduation, inspires, relates to audience

to the point, denotative

• From bottom to top:
• 1st need- physiological: water, food, sex
• 2nd need- safety: shelter, comfort, home
• 3rd need- Love, belonging
• 4th need- esteem- self esteem based on praise or negative feedback
• 5th need- Self-actualization- humans are constantly changing and growing we will never fully become the person we want to be

• It is ok to cry a little
• don't be overly emotional
• key is to blend emotion and logic

• Slippery slope- if you don't do this something bad will happen to you
• Band wagon- everyone's doing it
• Kitchen sinking- bring irrelevant information into the argument to try to win argument
• Hasty generalization- an isolated instance is used to make an unwarranted general conclusion

focus on whether or not something is true or whether or not something will happen

addresses issues of judgement, try to show something is right or wrong, good or bad

recommend that specific course of action be taken

erroneous statement or invalid/ deceptive line of reasoning

relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion

An argument stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, although no evidence has been presented

gives only two alternatives although there might be many alternatives

targets the person instead of the issue at hand in attempt to get the audience to dislike that person

argument in which the conclusion is not connected to the reasoning

argument suggesting audience members should agree with a claim because it has always been done that way

• Step 1: Attention: addresses listeners concerns
• Step 2: Need: isolates the issue, tells audience that they have a need that must be satisfied
• Step 3: Satisfaction: identifies the solution
• Step 4: Visualization: vision of anticipated outcomes associated with the solution
• Step 5: Action: Finally the speaker asks audience members to act according to their acceptance of the message

important because it powerfully affects meaning associated with the words

rising and falling of vocal pitch across phrases and sentences

correct formation of word sounds

clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made

• means character
• audiences listen to and trust speakers if they demonstrate good character

• people place their greatest trust in speakers who:
• 1. have a solid grasp of subject
• 2. display sound reasoning skills
• 3. are honest and unmanipulative
• 4. genuinely interested in welfare of their listeners

passion, enthusiasm

target audience using logical, valid research, and good evidence

• available means of persuasion
• 1. persuasion is emotional
• 2. argumentation is logical-evidence/reasoning
• 3. Persuasion is everywhere

framework of speech, thesis, forecast, preview points, recap

• chronological sequence
• cause and effect
• problem/solution
• topical
• spatial-based on location

opposing perspective

pretend listening

looking for information to use against someone

people that make the conversation all about them

selective listening

small, intense discussion group usually involving 2 or 3 people responding to a specific question in search of a specific answer/information