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1. Concerning hepatitis B, which protein is part of the vaccine?
HBsAg (hep b surface antigen)
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2. Concerning hepatitis B, which protein is raised in active acute disease?
HBcAg (Hep b core antigen) or look for DNA
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3. Concerning hepatitis B, which protein is raised in chronic disease?
HbeAg (hep b e antigen)
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4. how do keratinizing and non keratinising squamous metaplasia of the bladder differ?
keratinizing are associated with chronic irritation and often progress to squamous carcinoma. Non-keratinising are in women and have no pathological complication.
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5. in which condition do hamartomatous gastric polyps occur?
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
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6. in which people are fundal gastric polyps seen?
women
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7. what 2 conditions predispose to cholangiocarcinoma of the liver?
sclerosing cholangitis, clonorchis sinesis (chinese liver flukes)
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8. what 2 things predispose to angiosarcoma?
vinyl chloride monomer, anabolic steroids
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9. what 3 conditions is adult HUS associated with?
pregnancy (even several months after), oestrogen therapy, chemotherapy and immunosuppression
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10. what 4 heriditary enzyme defects can cause intrahepatic jaundice?
dubin-johnson, rotor's, gilbert's, crigler-najjar
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11. what are Brunn's nests in the urintary tract?
glandular metaplasia, common in a normal bladder
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12. what are the 2 causes of heriditary glomerulonephritis and how are they inherited?
Alport's and Fabry's syndormes - both are X linked in most cases.
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13. what are the 2 main features of hypertrophic hypersecretory gastropathy?
acid hypersecretion and gastric protein loss
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14. what cells are malignant in zollinger ellison syndrome?
pancreatic G cells.
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15. what is diffuse cortical necrosis associated with?
severe hypotension.
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16. what is medullary sponge kidney and what is the main complication?
multiple cysts in renal papillae, with renal stones developing
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17. what is menetrier's disease?
rare disease, gross hyperplasia of gastric pits and atrophy of glands. Superficial ulcerations causes hypoalbuminaemia
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18. what is the difference between intrinsic hepatotoxins and idiosyncratic hepatotoxins?
intrinsic = dose dependant, predictable toxic effect. Idiosyncratic = unpredictable, due to hypersensitivity or drug metabolism
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19. what is the rule of 2s for meckel's diverticulum?
2% of the population, 2 feet from the ileocaecal junction, up to 2 inches long
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20. what type of cancer is most common in the kidney?
adenocarcinoma (renal cell carcinoma)
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21. which 4 tumour types metastatise most commonly to the liver?
lung, breast, colon, stomach
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