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What is a Bacteriophage? What does it consist of?
- A bacteriophage is a virus that infects a bacterial cell.
- Consists of proteins that encapsulate DNA or RNA genome
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What are plaques?
Clearings caused by lysis of bacterial cells due to bacteriophages
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How are plaques and colonies similar? How are they different?
- Similar because they both start with 1 cell and spread/grow from there. They can also be counted to determine the phage/bacterial concentration
- They are different because one is a clearing of cell lysis and the other is a growth.
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Describe how one plaque forms
- The bacteriophage attaches to cell wall
- Injects viral genome into cell membrane
- Directs cell to mare more virus DNA
- Once finished cell lysis and the viruses are released effecting more bacterial cells
- This process continues
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Name the 3 classes of Helminths
- Nematodes (roundworms)
- Trematodes (ringworms)
- Cesetodes (tapeworms)
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Characteristics of all Helminths
- Multicellular organisms
- Free living or parasitic
- Have their own organ systems
- Similar life cycle
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Life cycle of helminths
- Embryonic stage
- Larval stage
- Adult stage
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Dioecious
Male and female helminths in separate organisms
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Monoecious
- Hermaphroditic
- Male and female in a single organism
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General characteristics of Nematodes and an example
- Elongated, cylindrical worms
- Free living in soil and freshwater
- Contain a smooth protective covering called a cuticle
- Headless
- Males are usually smaller than females
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
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What organism is this? What disease does it
cause?
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Causes Enterobiasis
- NEMATODE
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About Enterobius vermicularis
- Causes: Enterobiasis
- Host: Humans are the only host
- Transmission: Fecal/oral
- Symptoms: Itchy anus, sleep disruption, and abdominal pain
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Life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis
- Eggs are lodged in perianal area
- Eggs are ingested by humans
- Larvae hatch in small intestines
- Adults mate in lumen of large intestine
- Females migrate to perianal at night
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What Helminths is this? What disease does it cause?
- Schistosoma Mansoni
- Causes Shistosomiasis
- TREMATODE
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About Schistosoma Mansoni
- Not found in the US
- Causes: Schistosomiasis
- Transmission: Wading in contaminated water
- Symptoms: Bloody diarrhea
- Carried by a snail found in Africa, SE Asia, Mid East ect
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Life Cycle of Schistosoma Mansoni
- Humans urinate/defecate in water
- Eggs develop in snails
- Worms can penetrate humans who enter water (cercariae)
- Worm grown in blood vessels and produce eggs
- Eggs travel to bladder and intestines
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What organism is this? 
- Schistosoma Cercariae
- Larve of Schistosoma mansoni
- TREMATODE
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Which helminth is this? How can you tell?
- Taenia Solium
- Has a scolex (Distinctive head region with hooks to latch onto host)
- CESTODES
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Taenia life cycle, symptoms, transmission
- Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort
- Transmission: Consuming larvae in undercooked beef or pork. Or ingesting eggs from other sources
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Eggs from which helminth?
- Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni
- Contain a distinctive lateral spine
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What is HUrBi plates used for?
Urine analysis
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What are the general characteristics of the HUrBi plate?
- 2 different sides
- Contains chromogens in media to ID common UTI organisms
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Side 1 and side 2 of HUrBi plates
- Side 1: grows gram (+)
- Dise 2: grows gram (-)
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What manual can you use to distinguish between the organisms found on HUrBi?
Bergey's manual
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What domain are Eukaryotes in?
Domain Eukarya
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2 types of White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes
- One classification of WBCs
- Includes Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
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Agranulocytes
- One classification of WBCs
- Includes Monocytes and Lymphocytes
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Neutrophils
- Most numerous of WBCs about 50%
- Increase in numbers during bacterial infections
- Phagocytes
- Segmented Nucleus
- 2X the site of RBCs
- Granulocyte
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Eosinophils
- Phagocytic
- Increase in number during allergic reaction or parasitic infectionsNucleus has TWO lobes
- 2X the size of RBCs
- Granulocyte
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Lymphocytes
- Cells of the immune system
- Cells are small
- T-Cell and B-Cells
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Two types of lymphocytes
- T-Cells: Migrate to thymus; In charge of cell mediated immunity
- B-cells: Produce antibodies
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Cell Mediated Immunity
Immune response from the T-cells, they bind to the surface of other cells that display the antigen and trigger a response.
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Basophils
- The least numerous WBC (1%)
- Slightly larger then RBC
- Have dark purple cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus
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Monocytes
- Largest of the WBCs
- Horseshoe/indented nucleus
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What cell is this? How can you tell?
- Basophil
- Because it has purple granules in the cytoplasm obscuring the nucleus
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What cell is this? How can you tell?
- Eosinophil
- Because it has a 2 lobes nucleus
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What cell is this? How can you tell?
- Lymphocyte
- Its small, and it only have a thin halo of cytoplasm encircling their round nucleus
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What cell is this? How can you tell?
- Monocyte
- Its largest, and it has a slight indentation in the nucleus
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What cell is this? How can you tell?
- Neutrophil
- Because it has a segmented nucleus
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What is an Antigen?
- Protein on the surface of RBC
- Helps with ID and signaling
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Your body develops antibodies against what?
- Antigens that your RBC lack.
- Someone with A blood, produce B antibodies
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What does the Rh factor tell you?
If your blood is + or -
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What type of WBC produce antibodies?
B lymphocytes
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What test is used to determine blood typing?
Agglutination Test
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