-
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
- Saturated: all single carbon-carbon bonds
- Unsaturated: one or more double carbon-carbon bonds
-
What are the functions of triacylglycerol?
- Store energy
- thermal insulation
- padding (for organs etc.)
-
What is the function of phospholipids?`
they're a structural component of cell membranes
-
Vitamin D, hormones, cholesterol and vitamin A are all example of?
steroids
-
What is the function of steroids?
regulate metabolic activités
-
What is the function of fatty acids (eicosanoids)?
serve as local hormones
-
Lipids are insoluble in the blood, so how ae they transported?
Lipoproteins: lipid core surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins
-
Name the 5 forces that create the tertiary structure in protein formation
- 1. Covalent disulfide bonds between two cysteine amino acids on different parts of the chain
- 2. Ionic interactions mostly between acidic and basic chains
- 3. Hydrogen bonds
- 4. Van Der Walls forces
- 5. Hydrophobic side chaines pushed away by water
-
animals can digest ________ linkages on starch and glycogen, but not ______ linkages in cellulose; however, _________ can digest _____ linkages in cellulose
-
Nucleotides are linked via ___________ bonds
- phosphodiester
- (phosphate group + 3rd carbon of the other nucleotide)
- linkage = 5' --> 3'
-
Define "anomer"
- a cyclic stereoisomer
- ex. α-glucose vs β-glucose
-
enzymes are typically _________ proteins.
Like any catalyst, they _______ to the equilibrium of a reaction.
- globular proteins
- do not alter
-
Enzyme kinetics:
Vmax is __________ to [enzyme]...
Km is related to Vmax, where [substrate] causes a run rate of ____ Vmax
-
What is the difference between a "cofactor" and a "coenzyme"?
- Cofactor: non-protein component, minerals
- Coenzyme: vitamins, ATP, vitamin derivatives
-
Enzyme + cofactor = ________
Enzyme w/o cofactor = _______
haloenzyme
apoenzyme
-
3 factors that affect enzyme activity
- temperature
- pH
- substrate concentration
-
3 classes of enzyme inhibitors
- competative inhibitors
- non-competative inhibitors
- irreversible inhibitors
-
What is the classic method to identify competitive inhibition?
increase substrate concentration to overcome inhibition
-
______ inhibitors raise Km, but not Vmax.
______ inhibitors lower Vmax, but Km stays the same.
- Competitive
- Non-competative
-
Many enzymes are released into its environment in its inactive form called?
zymogen or proenzyme
-
Define negative feedback
- when one enzyme in the early reaction is inhibited by the product downstream in the reaction series
- stops run when the series has produced sufficient amounts of product
-
Define "positive feedback"
- a product returns to activate an enzyme
- occurs less often than negative feedback
-
the general function of a "kinase"
enzyme that phosphorylates something
-
the general function of a "phosphotase"
enzyme that dephosphorylates something
-
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol with or w/o oxygen
-
Name the products of glycolysis
- 2 ATP
- Inorganic phosphate and water
- 2 Molecules of NADH from reduced NAD+
- 1- dihydroxyacetone phosphate (3 carbon)
- 1- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL)
-
In which step is glucose modified to assist in the facilitated diffusion mechanism to transport it into the cell?
- The first step of glycolysis
- irreversible
- hexokinase enzyme
-
Aerobic respiration occurs where?
Mitochondrial Matrix of the mitochondria
-
Each turn of the Kreb's cycle produces?
-
the process of ATP production in the Krebs cycle is called what?
substrate level phosphorylation
-
Including glycolysis, how many ATPs are produced from aerobic respiration?
36 ATPs
-
Define: "electron transport chain"
a series of proteins, including cytochromes with heme, in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
-
In the ETC, a proton gradient is formed called the __________ which drives ATP synthase to produce 34 ATP.
Production of ATP in this fashion is known as?
proton-motive force
Oxidative phosphorylation
-
In a human renal cortical cell, the Krebs cycle occurs in the?
mitochondrial matrix
-
As electrons move within the ETC, each intermediate is _____ by the preceding molecule and _______ by the following molecule
- reduced (preceding)
- oxidized (following)
-
in aerobic respiration, the energy from the oxidation of NADH does what?
established a proton gradient (H+) between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix
-
What is the net production of ATP from fermentation?
2 ATP
-
Heart and liver cells can produce more ATP for each molecule of glucose than other cells in the body. What would be the logical reasoning for this?
a more efficient mechanism for moving NADH produced in glycolysis into the mitochondrial matrix
|
|