biopsych final exam

• dopamine
• serotonin
• epinephrine
• norepinephrine

amygdala

event-appraisal or cognitive aspect-action or behavior interacted physiogically-emotional feeling of fear

• no emotions 
• completely/ to little reactions to 
• nervous system doesnt  control regular reactions

hard to breathe and heart race

• part of the limbic system
• for disgust and taste

• left hemisphere (frontal and temporal lobes)
• dealt with happiness and anger
• low/moderate automatic arousal

• right hemisphere (frontal and temporal lobes)
• increase arousal, inhibits actions, and to stimulate fear/disgust

happier

• prone to unpleasant situations
• soically withdrawn and less satisfied

right is more linked to emotions expressing and recognizing

trouble recognizing emotions

• poor decision making
• loss of emotion along with burst of anger

• center for guilt
• damage people dont feel guilty

thalamus, globus pallidus, caudate nucleaus, putamen, hippocampus, amygdala

decrease in recognition of emotion in faces but increase responses in emotional ares of brain

amount of a NT that is released and replaced like reuptake of serotonin

generally more aggresive and angry

low- die easier, more fighting but can become more dominant with that aggresion. remove inhibition.

high- less aggressive but is fine and low key status. inhibit impulses

break down of trypyophans in protiens

increase consomption of tryptophan or decrease consomption of high amino acid that work with tryptophan in the brain.

senses from temporal lobe (auditory and visual cortex) go through the thalmus- baso/lateral amygdala-central amygdala-pons-reflex

pons

connects nuron tissue in the amygdala with other limbic systems

• damaged amygdala
• monkeys were less scared of usual things

easier to understand directed towards viewer except fear is understood better from a side

focus on nose/mouth instead where it rely all on the eyes

frequent anxiety attacks and arousal of the sympathetic nervous system

• para- calms
• sympa- helps and raises arousal "fight or flight"

higher in woman and in adolescents

abnormalities in the hypothalmus

no release of gaba- more orexin

orexin is used for arousal and staying awaka and gaba inhibits this from overpowering

benzodiazepine (valium, librium, xanax)

release more gaba to stop orexin

• chloride channels fluctuate easier
• hince why chloride is a chenical in the benzodiazapines
• hyperpolarize cell and inhibit the potential

alcohol

anti anxiety medication that binds to GABA a to open up chloride channel and to inhibit

• 3 stages to stress
• alarm
• resistance
• exhaustion

readying the body with moderate emergency activity.

• sympathetic system slows down, 
• release of cortisol to keep up alertness

released by adrenal cortex to bring down sympathetic nervous system and to keep up alertness

vulnerable inactive stage. no stage

hypothalmus, pituitary and adrenal cortex

cortisol

• high amounts can impair it and harm you
• low amounts can increase and build memory as well

white blood cells

• bone marrow release
• antibodies that recognize antigens and attacks unfamiliar ones

protiens your body makes and regognizes

• thymus gland
• mature and multiply

attack infected cells and tumor cells. kill all intruders where b and t attack certain ones

from hypothalmus to give alert that there is a problem or feeling ill

produce fever, loss of hunger, less sex drive, and more sleepy

high activity of cells can make it hard to remember and higher metabolism and cause apoptosis or overstimulation. more cytokines released.

smaller hippocampus

• lower than normal
• naturally have small hippocampus to begin with leading to easier access to ptsd

fear of public places and having a panic attack in front of others

will have higher chance of depression and other inherited psychological disorders

high probability circulatory prorblems

short form- react to stressful situations by being depressed but no absence of stress does not decrease depression

in other words can still be randomly depressed and does not increase chance of happyness

depressed after birth

decreased activity in left hemisphere and increased in right

tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

block the transporter protien that allow the 4 monoamines to reuptake

leaving NT in the synaptic cleft- and stimulating post synaptic neuron

• block histamine, ach, and sodium channels 
•  leading to drowzy, dry mouth and biofunction, and heart irregulatory. most unpleasant side effects

SSRI- focus on serotonin 

MAOI- block the enzyme monoamine oxidase in presynaptic terminal from breaking down the monoamines into their metabloic sources

a myth. people who are depressed may have higher serotonin and is just irregular

brain derived neurotrophic factor

neurotrophins for brain plasticity, learning, and growing new neurons in hippocampus

spring of new neurons and neurogensis. better learning.

immediatly but mood correlated may take weeks to change

• elecrical compulsive therapy
• used in schizo and epileptic people
• everyother day for  2 weeks small shock.
• helps depression unless relapsed

people who are depressed, sleep less. more REM sleep and waken earlier.

being sleep deprived may help the depression till next time. more practical to sleep earlier so you can wake earlier

unless moderated can lead to sufficient memory loss

mania with depressed states

restless, rambling speech, and no inhibition

• treat bipolar
• mood stabilizer
• stabilize glutamate- mania activator

anticonvulsant drugs and lithium

messed up circadian rhythem and seasonal depression.

bright lights

delusins, hallucinations, disorganized speech and or behaviors, weak social, speech, and emotional responces.

positive- present behaviors that should not be there (delusions and hallucinations)

negative- symptoms that are not there that should be (weak emotion, social, and speech life)

disorganized connections between cortex, cerebellum, and  thalamus

more common in men

• less grey and white matter
• larger ventricles (fluid space)
• small thalmus
• prefontal cortex and hippocampus are small

left is usually larger but in schzo its equal or right side is largee

late development of the prefrontal cortex

releives dellusions and hallucination

block dopamine receptors

turnover is elevated- faster release and reuptake with quicker synthesizing

• low release of glutamate
• dopamine inhibits glutamate
• increase of dopamine and decrease of glutamte have same effect

• dopamine inhibits glutamate
• glutamte excite neurons that inhibit dopamine
• low glutamte and high dopamine is equally effective