-
Motion Segment
The fundamental unit of the lumbar spine is " ", which consists of two vertebrae and their intervening disc
-
Facet Joint
- The posterior elements of the vertebrae include the superior and inferior articular processes, and each of their junctions is referred to as a zygapophyseal joint, or " "
- In addition to assisting in supporting loads on the spine, the facet joints control the amount and direction of vertebral movement
-
Intervertebral disc
- Consists of a centrally placed nucleus (nucleus pulposus) surrounded by a sheath of connective-tissue fibers (annulus fibrosis)
- Acts as spacers and shock absorbers, and when a person carries a load, the nucleus of the disc exerts pressure in all directions to help absorb the force
-
1st and 2nd most vulnerable intervertebral disc to injury in the low back?
- 1st is the one between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum (L5-S1 disc); its load is greater than that of any other disc
- 2nd is the one between L4 and L5; except for their periphery, the discs do not have pain receptors
-
The intervertebral disc is avascular (1), and its nutrition is enhanced (2)________. Long term (3)________ and ___________ both decrease nutrition to the disc
- (1) without blood supply
- (2) motion in the spine, motion enables the disc to absorb nutrients through the vertebral end plates
- (3) bed rest, smoking
-
Why is stretching important before and after sleep?
- when we sleep, discs imbibe fluid and actually become tighter than they were at the end of the day
- back injuries often occur in the morning, when these fuller disc permit less movement
-
Lordotic and Kyphotic
- Lordotic = concave
- Kyphotic = convex
- A small lumbar lordotic curve is natural and, along with cervical lordosis and thoracic kyphosis, assists the discs in cushioning compressive forces occuring in the spine during ADLs
-
Functional and Structural spinal curves 
- Spinal curves are functional if the curve can be removed by assuming a posture that takes away the force responsible for the curve
- Structural curves can result from assuming an unhealthy posture over several years
- Structural lumbar lordosis = hard to do crunches due to lack of mobility in the lumbosacral area
- Although this person might be able to do sit-ups by using the hip flexors while the feet are held down, this motion could exacerbate the problem
-
The sacrum (in the pelvis) is the (1)_______ for the (2)________, pelvic positioning is important to the integrity of the spine
- (1) foundation
- (2) 24 vertebrae stacked on it
- Energy expenditure is minimal when body segments are balanced
-
Low back pain in adults
- most cases are caused by damage to the intervertebral discs
- low-back pain such as discs injury typically is caused by a succession of inappropriate movements occurring over time
- also called repetitive microtrauma condition or a repetitive motion injury
-
(1) Low Back Problems in Youth
(2) Pars interarticularis?
- (1) Are typically seen in the part of the vertebrae posterior to the spinal cord, including the superior and inferior articular processes
- (2) the part of a vertebrae between the superior and inferior articular processes
-
(1) The large muscles of the spine that contribute to CS include:
(2) The other trunk muscles that contribute to CS:
- (1) the erector spinae, multifidus, and quadratus lumborum
- (2) rectus abdominus, internal and external obliques, transversus abdominis, and quadratus lumborum
-
Lack of (1)______ in the back musculature is often seen in people with (2)_______
- (1) Strength and Endurance
- (2) low-back pain
- Abs are usually stronger than back because of the lack of extensor muscle training
-
Many people believe that (1)_______ reduces the role of the (2)______ muscles, but this is not so, particularly if the feet are supported (held by another person) the (3)_____....
- (1) bending the knees
- (2) psoas
- (3) psoas muscles put extreme compressive forces on the discs of the lumbar-motion segments of the vertebral column
|
|
