Which letter represents location of sample and sample number?
D
Which letter represents vector arrow pointing to heat source?
E
Interior finish can contribute to a fire:
Affects the rate of fire buildup to flashover condition
May contribute to fire extension thru flame spread over its surface
May add to intensity of fire by contributing additional fuel
May produce smoke and toxic gases that can contribute to life hazard and property damage
Sawtooth roof
A roof with alternating inclined planes of different angles
Arched roof
A curve-shaped roof
Gambrel roof
Slopes in two directions but with a change in slope on both sides
Monitor roof
Provides for ventilation, especially on industrial buildings
Shed roof
A roof that slopes in only one direction
Two shed roofs that meet at their low points
Butterfly roof
Pitched down in two directions from a high point
Gable roof
Slopes in four directions
Hip roof
Forces that are crushing
Compression
Forces that tend to pull
Tension
Forces that cause material to slide past one another
Shear
Type V construction is construction in which:
The structural members are entirely of wood or other combustible materials
Type IV construction is construction in which:
Structural members (i.e. columns, beams, arches, floors, and roofs) are basically of heavy timber, unprotected wood with large cross sectional areas
Type III construction is construction in which:
All or part of the interior structural elements may be of combustible materials and exterior walls are required to be noncombustible or limited combustible
Type II construction is construction in which:
The structural elements are entirely of noncombustible or limited combustible material
Type I construction is construction in which:
Structural members are noncombustible and have a fire resistance rating
A building material that contributes fuel to a fire is:
Combustible
Building construction types that are considered to be combustible:
III, IV, and V
Building construction types that are considered noncombustible:
I and II
A building material that does not contribute fuel to a fire is:
Noncombustible
Building construction can be classified into _________ basic types.
Five
Balloon framing is characterized by:
Lack of fire stopping
Wood studs continuous from foundation to eave line
Joist rest on a ribbon board
Steel is used with contrete in reinforced concrete construction because it provides:
A resistance to shear strength that concrete alone lacks
Tensile strength that concrete alone lacks
Added compressive strength
Fire protection of steel is accomplished by several methods:
Encasing steel in a structure or material such as concrete
The use of suspended ceilings as part of a fire-resistive floor and ceiling
Floor joists are "fire cut" so that floors can:
Collapse under fire stress without damaging walls
When heated to temperatures found at most working fires, unprotected steel construction will:
Lose strength
Heavy timber construction is allowed for interior structural members in _________ construction.
Type IV
One feature common to all types of trusses is that if one member fails:
The entire truss is likely to fail
When determining fuel loads within a building, what two factors must be considered?
Interior surface coverings and furnishings
The type of roof that has inclined flat surfaces is called a _________ roof.
Pitched
A building having exterior walls of masonary construction and combustible structural members of substantial dimensions (also known as "heavy timber") is classified as _________ construction.
Type IV
During testimony, the fire investigator should:
Avoid use of slang and professional jargon
During pretrial preparation, the fire investigator should:
Arrive at court early and dress in a manner suitable to the venue
The success of a case in court often depends on:
The performance of the fire investigator, even under duress
The investigator, when assigned an incident, should know if they are expected to:
Determine the origin or cause of the fire
Produce a written or oral report
Determine some other result of the fire
A hypothesis should be based solely on:
Empirical data collected by the investigator
A hypothesis must withstand the test of deductive reasoning or the investigator should:
Discard it as not provable
The fire investigator does not have a truly provable hypothesis unless the hypothesis can:
Stand the test of careful and serious challenge
Systematic Approach for an Investigation:
Recognize the need
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data (inductive reasoning)
Develop a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
As a general rule, anything that looks out of place should be checked by the investigator. Evidence collection should be guided by the principle that:
It is easier to diregard collected items that prove to be unrelated than to recover important items that were left behind
The investigator, when preparing to conduct an incident investigation should:
Estimate the required tools, equipment, and personnel required to perform a smooth and productive investigation
Fire/explosion Incident
Receive the assignment
Prepare for the investigation
Conduct the investigation
Collect and preserve evidence
Analyze the incident
Report findings
The presence of a thick, oily soot on glass, including hydrocarbon residues, is positive proof of the presence of:
Incomplete combustion
Combustion
Rapid reaction with the evolution of heat and light
Deflagration
Very rapid reaction with the evolution of heat and light as well as the generation of a very low intensity pressure wave of moving gases
Explosion
Very rapid reaction with the evolution of considerable heat accompanied by a disruptive effect
Detonation
Almost instantaneous reaction with the evolution of considerable heat accompanied by a violent disruptive effect and intense, high-speed shock wave
Many deflagrations involve lighter-than-air gases. One example of such a gas is natural gas. Which of the following is not a lighter-than-air gas?
C) Pentane
1: Only high explosives can achieve detonation.
2: High explosives always produce high-order explosions.
3: TNT can produce low-order explosions.
C) 1 and 3 are true; 2 is false
Order of Explosion
Combustion
Deflagration
Detonation
The sudden conversion of potential energy (chemical or mechanical) into kinetic energy with the production and release of gases under pressure best defines a(n):
Explosion
The room or area where a fire began defines the:
Area of origin
Heat is measured in terms of British Thermal Units (BTUs). A British Thermal Unit is defined as the quanity of heat required to raise the temperature of:
One pound of water 1oF
The unit of heat energy known as a BTU is defined as _________ under standard conditions.
The amount of heat required to raise one pound of water 1oF
Combustible liquid
A liquid with a flash point at or above 100oF
Flammable liquid
A liquid having a flash point below 100oF and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi absolute
Ignitable liquid
Any liquid or the liquid phase of any material that is capable of fueling a fire
When surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously, it is called:
Flashover
Chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces most nearly defines:
Spalling
Oxidation
Oxygen combining with other substances
Conduction
Heat transfer by direct contact
Convection
Heat transfer by circulation thru a medium
Radiant heat
Heat energy carried by electromagnetic waves
Spoilation is defined as:
Loss, destruction, or material alteration of anything that is evidence or potential evidence
A degree of temperature, as measured by a thermometer or other similar instrument, is a measurement of the _________ of heat.
Intensity
When a liquid fuel gives off enough vapors so that it can be ignited and burn momentarily, it has reached its:
Flash point
Solid or liquid aerosols, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and finely divided carbon particles are all incomplete combustion products referred to as:
Smoke
The heating of a steel beam that carries heat to an unexposed part of the building and starts another fire would be an example of:
Conduction
The warmth of the sun is an example of:
Radiation
The transition phase during a compartment fire where all contents reach their ignition temperature and simultaneously ignite is called:
Flashover
The decomposition of a compound into one or more other substances by heat alone is referred to as:
Pyrolysis
The percentage of a flammable substance in air that will burn when in contact with an ignition source best defines:
Flammable/explosive limit
Heat energy carried by electromagnetic waves is defined as:
Radiation
Heat transferred by circulation within a medium such as a gas or liquid is:
Convection
The lowest temperature at which a fuel in a normal atmosphere must be heated in order to start a self-sustained combustion independent of an ignition source is known as:
Ignition temperature
Vapor density is defined as the weight of:
Gas as compared to the weight of air
Backdraft may occur when:
Oxygen is introduced into a fire that is oxygen deficient
Heat transfer by direct contact from one body to another defines:
Conduction
The minimum temperature to which a substance must be heated in order to ignite under specific test conditions is:
Ignition temperature
1: The investigator should ascertain the basis and extent of his/her authority to conduct the investigation.
2: The authority to investigate is given to police officers, fire fighters, and fire marshals according to the law of the jurisdiction.
3: Private fire investigators receive their authority according to the law of the jurisdiction.
A) 1 and 2 are true; 3 is false
Condition conductive to creating an explosive atmosphere in the storage, handling, and use of flammable and combustible liquids
Concentration of vapor
At which stage(s) of a structure fire will automatice sprinklers normally operate?
Ceiling layer development or pre-flashover stage
L.E.L
Lower Explosive Limit
Solid fuel is most dangerous
As powder or dust
The upper and lower concentrations of a vapor that will produce a flame at a given pressure and temperature are called:
Flammable and explosive limits
Four components of combustion characterized in fire tetrahedron:
Fuel
Heat
Oxidizing agent
Uninhibited chemical chain reaction
The rate of fire growth and development is determined by the:
Physical and chemical properties of fuel and surface area of fuel array
Factor(s) that control or influence the occurence of self-heating and self-ignition
Rate of heat generation
Effects of ventilation
Insulating effects of the materials immediately surrounding
A fire in the presence of high concentration of oxygen will:
Burn faster
When the oxygen concentration is below __________ percent, flaming combustion will not usually be supported.
14 - 16
In the fire tetrahedron, which is the reducing agent?
Fuel
The colder of two bodies will always absorb heat until both objects are the same temperature is explained by the principle of:
Heat transfer
Heat can travel throughout a burning building by one or more of three methods referred to as:
Conduction, convection, and radiation
The prime hazard of an oxidizer under fire conditions is its ability to:
Yield oxygen to enhance combustion
When determining fire spread in a structure, one of the most important factors to consider is:
