-
What are 6 essential components of a healthy diet?
- • Carbohydrates
- • Protein
- • Lipids
- • Vitamins
- • Minerals
- • Water
-
What are Carbohydrates?
• Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, non-Starch Polysaccharides
- • Energy – easily available
- – Glycolysis, TCA, electron transport chain
• Amino Acid synthesis
• Lipid metabolism
• Glycogen
• High carbohydrate diets may be deficient in other nutrients
-
What are proteins?
• 20 amino acids required
• Essential amino acids cannot be synthesised
- • Non-Essential can be synthesized if sufficient ? – Adult – 8 essential
- – Conditionally essential - 9
- • (e.g. Histidine + Arginine)
• Excess deaminated – NH3 → ?
• Carbohydrate – like – energy - ATP
• Important fuel source – muscle protein
• Animal derived protein usually higher quality than plant derived
-
What are lipids?
• High energy yield
• Essential FA’s cannot be synthesised
• Precursors for lots of things – prostaglandins
• Excess FA’s stored
-
What is Cholesterol?
• Essential
• Used to transport lipids
- • Precursor for other molecules
- – Testosterone, ? Salts, Vitamin ?
• Raised cholesterol associated with heart disease
- • Familial hypercholesterolaemia
- – 1 in 500
- – CHD 20 years early, >50% mortality before 60 yrs.
-
What is Vitamin E?
Vegetable oils
- • Vitamin E
- – Antioxidant
- – Oxidative damage
- – Immune development
-
What is Vitamin K?
Green vegetables
- • Vitamin K
- – Coagulation factor
- – Essential for synthesis of prothrombin
- – Inactive precursor of thrombin
- – Thrombin is an enzyme
- – Blood clot formation
-
Vitamin B3
Nuts, grains
- • Vitamin B3
- – Nicotinamide
- – NAD, NADP
- – Hydrogen transfer
- – ? carriers
- – Oxidative phospohorylation
-
Folic Acid needs?
- – 0.4mg while trying to conceive
- – Continue for 1st 12x weeks of pregnancy
-
4 Important Minerals?
• Iron • Calcium • Phosphorus • Iodine
-
Phosphorus?
Dairy products, meats, grains
- • Phosphorous
- – More known functions than any other mineral
- – Skeleton and teeth – 85%
- – Phospholipids
- – Phosphoproteins
- – ATP
- – Widespread deficiency in grazing animals
- – Phosphorous deficient soils occur around the world
-
Iodine?
Seafood, Dairy products
- • Iodine
- – Synthesis of thyroid hormones
- – T3 – triiodothyronine
- – T4 – Thyroxine
- – Accelerate metabolic reactions
- – Increase metabolic rate
- – Concentration in plant dependent on soil
-
Water?
- • Solvent of life
- – Necessary medium for metabolism/physiology
- • 1.5-3 litres per day
- – More required under specific circumstances
- • No requirement for 8 litres unless
- – Very hot – High intensity exercise
• Can be toxic
-
Balanced diets?
• Provides the nutrients required in the correct proportions in a digestible form
- • Recommended energy intake
- – Men = ? MJ (2,500 Kcal); BMR = 1.7 MJ
- – Women = ? MJ (2,000 Kcal), BMR = 5.4 MJ
• Nutrition tables give detailed daily requirements
- • Derived from experimental observation
- – Remove and observe
- – reintroduce
-
NHS Guidelines for balanced diet?
• 1/3 starch based foods (NSP)
- • 1/3 fruit and veg (NSP)
- – Different types
- • Remaining 1/3
- – Meat & Dairy and oily fish
Salt (6g) fat (20-30g) and sugar should be the smallest component of a balanced diet
• ? litres if water (6-8 glasses)
-
Allergies and intolerance?
- • Allergy
- – Immune response
- – Usually fast acting
- – Acute
- • Intollerance
- – May not produce immune response
- – Slow acting
- – Chronic
• Remove and reintroduce
-
What are metabolic syndromes?
• Wide range of metabolic diseases
• Associated with obesity
• Type II diabetes
• Fatty Liver disease
• Arthrosclerosis
• Chronic inflammatory disease
-
What are useful diet strategies?
- • Evidence Based
- – Reduction of ?Kcal per day
- – Slow and sustained weight loss
- – Diet + exercise better than one alone
- – Maintain a balanced diet
- • More extreme methods use in some cases
- • The ketogenic diet
- – Protein deficiency ? appetite
- • -10% makes a significant difference
|
|
