Biology Ch 6

• 1. DNA
• 2. Ribosomes
• 3. Plasma Membane

• Ribosomes
• Plasma Membrane
• Cell Wall
• Nucleoid Region
• Microtubules

• 1. Nuclear Envelope (membrane) - Double membrane - perforated by Nuclear Pores
• 2. Nucleolus - rRNA is synthesized from instructions in the DNA; ribosomal subunits are assembled from proteins and rRNA (moved out into cytoplasm then assembles into a ribosome)
• 3. Cromatin - a complex of protein and DNA -visible as Chromosomes in a dividing cell (human cells have 46 chromosomes excent sex cells which have 23)

• Endoplasmic - within the cytoplasm ; reticulum - little net
• extensive membrane network that continues off the nuclear envelope

If cell needs more membrane, ER pinched off a part (contains phospolipis & ribosomes) called a vacuole

• made of rRNA and protein
• they carry out protein synthesis
• FREE RIBOSOMES - suspended in the cytosol - make proteins that operate in the cytoplams - for example, enzymes to break down sugar
• BOUND RIBOSOMES - bound to the ER and nuclear envelope - make proteins destines for insertion into membranes (packagine with organelle such as lysosomes)
• Free and bound are structurally the same and can change places...they produce different kinds of proteins

• 1) Synthesize lipids - steroids are lipids that are viral to hormones. Areas that produce hormones (testes and ovaries) have lots of smooth ER
• 2) Store Calcium ions Ca⁺ (used in muscle contraction) muscle cells have extra smooth ER
• 3) Detoxify certain drugs in the liver - (lots of smooth ER in the liver) - phenobarbital and other barbituates (seditives) - methanphetimines

• 1. Nucleus
• 2. Ribosones
• 3. Rough ER
• 4. Smooth ER
• 5. Golgi Bodies (apparatus)

• warehouse, shipping center, refinishing center.
• Takes in products of the ER, such as protein - modifies, stores and releases them
• Cis face - usually near ER- take in transport vesicules
• Trans face - shipping side - vesicules form and leave golgi, carrying specific proteins(enzymes) to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

• Lysosomes
• Peroxisomes

• sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
• Made by rough ER and transferred to Golgi for further processing
• USES DIFFERENT ENZYMES TO PERFORM 3 FUNCTIONS
• 1. Destroy Invaders - when white blood cells attack bacterium, lysosomes release enzymes that break down the invader
• 2. Recycle -uses enzymes to recycle parts of organelle that are no longer functioning - break down and reuse materials
• 3. Digest - uses enzymes to digest food in a food vacuole

• uses enzymes to break things down (fatty acids)
• in the liver detoxifies alcohols - produces hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct then converts it to water
• If there is too much alcohol pH changes and denaturation occurs

• skeleton of the cell
• 1) Microtubules - hollow tubes -flagella - CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLES
• 2) Intermediate Philiments - supports nucleus
• 3) Microphiliments - solid rods

• a) centrosome - microtubules grow out from the centrosome (animal cells) centrisome is near the nucleus and is a microtubule orgaizine center
• b) centrioles - in the centrosome is a pair of centrioles - each centriole is composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
• Plants to not have centrioles
• 

• converts energy to a form that the cell can use for work
• Cellular respiration - the process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats,and other fuels with the help of oxygen
• HAS A DOUBLE MEMBRANE Inner membrane is folded around the CRISTAE extra surface area to make more ATP
• also has its own DNA but only from maternal lines - Mitochondrial DNA

• symbiosis on the inside - symbiotic relationship
• mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be eukaryotic cells

• plants and algae
• sites of photosynthesis - use solar energy and convert it to chemical energy by the systhesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water
• HAS A DOUBLE MEMBRANE

• mitochondria
• chloroplast

• 1800's
• orgaisms made of cells
• cell is simplest collection of matter that can live
• cell structure = cell function
• cells are related by their descent form earlier cells

Anton Leeuwenhoek - 1590

• Light microscope - visible light passes through a specimen then glass lenses which magnify the image
• *Only microscope that can be used to see living organisms*
• up to 1000 times actual size

Electron Microscope - 1950 - insted of light shoot beam of electrons

SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope - specimin coated in gold - looking at outside surface 3D

• TEM - Transmission Electron Microscope - look at interior structures - have to embed specimin with heavy metals and take thin slices
• *used to learn about mitochondria in recent years

• takes cells apart and separates the major organelles form one another - allows scientists to study function of organelles
• *uses centerfuge*

single celled eukaryotes - amoeba

ratio of an object's image size to its real size

measure of the clarity of the image - minimum distance two points can be separates and still be distinguished as two points

accuntuates differences in parts of the sample - staining or labeling cell components

semi-permeable, selective barrier - allows oxygen, nutrients, and waste through...doent let others pass

• openings from one cell into amother so that signal proteins and electrical impulses can move between cells
• *only in plant cells*

• channels from one cell to another that allow ions, sugars, amino acids to pass through. Gap junctions are important for communication between cells
• *only animal cells*

• *only plant cells*
• 1) Give shape to the cell
• 2) Stores water
• 3) Stores and breaks down waste
• 4) Can contain chemical defenses (milkweed plant)

orgaisms that take a part of amother organism and make it part of themselves to protect them (Sea Slugs & Monarch Butterflies)

• orgaisms that look like bad things will be protected (Monarch Butterfly)
• Batesian mimicry - Model & Mimic - one is good to eat..one is bad
• Mullerian mimicry - both are bad tasting

bright colors to warn preditors to stay away

poison from frogs - used for dart guns - we use for anastesia