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Cross-Sectional Design
Test groups of people varying in age to test human development
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Longitudinal Design
Testing the same group of people at varying ages as they grow to eliminate environmental variables in the study
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Cross-sequential design
A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal design
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Genetics
the science of inherited traits
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):
special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism
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Gene
section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
** Dominant: referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
** Recessive: referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene
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Nature vs. Nurture
Nature
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
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Nature vs. Nurture
Nurture
the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
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Nature vs. Nurture
Behavioral genetics
focuses on nature vs. nurture
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6 motor milestones
** Raising head and chest (2-4 months)
** Rolling over (2-5 months)
** Sitting up with support (4-6 months)
** Sitting up without support (6-7 months)
** Crawling (7-8 months)
** Walking (8-18 months)
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Cognitive development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory schemas
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Memory schemas
a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events
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Piaget's Stage theory
Sensorimotor stage
uses the senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
· Object permanence: knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
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Piaget's Stage theory
Preoperational stage
learn to use language as a means of exploring the world
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Egocentrism
inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
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Centration
tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
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Conservation
ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature
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Irreversibility
inability to mentally reverse an action
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Concrete operations stage
capable of logical thought processes but not abstract thinking
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Formal operations stage
become capable of abstract thinking
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Vygotsky's Theory
stressed the importance of social interactions with others, typically more highly skilled children and adults
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Scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
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Modern theories of language
* Focus on environmental influences on language
* Child-directed speech: children attend to higher-pitched, repetitious, sing-songs speech
* Receptive-productive lag
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Temperament
the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth
** Easy: regular, adaptable, and happy
** Difficult: irregular, non-adaptable, and irritable
** Slow to warm up: need to adjust gradually to change
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Attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
- * Secure
- * Avoidant
- * Ambivalent
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