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Most populations follow a(n) ___ growth pattern.
logistical
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The rate of population growth is determined by the____,_____,______,______.
birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, and the emigration rate
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logistic growth begins with a period of _____growth.
exponential
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the ____________represents the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustain.
carrying capacity
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The well-known ____-shaped ___________ growth curve, summarizes the general growth pattern in populations
S; logistical
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What is the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustain?
carrying capacity
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Fires and other natural disasters are all __________ factors.
density-independent
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Food competition, disease, and predation are __________ factors
density-dependent
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______ dispersion is the most common pattern and characterized by clumping.
clustered
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______ dispersion are results from the lack of attractive and repulsive factors.
random
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What are the three properties of population?
size, density, and dispersion
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competition between populations is called ___specific competition.
inter
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competition within a population is called ___specific competition.
intra
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What makes up a population's niche?
the biotic and abiotic factors that it needs in its environment
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What principle states that when two organisms share the same niche, one will eventually go extinct?
competition exclusion principle
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_____is when an organism population adapts to use different resources.
resource partitioning
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______involves an organism being able to blend into the environment.
Cryptic coloration
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_____involves an organism having flashy bright colors to indicate they are poisonous.
Aposematic coloration
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________ is when a harmless organism tries to get away from predators but mimicking other poisonous organisms.
Batesian mimicry
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______ involves multiple poisonous organisms imitating each other for protection in numbers.
Müllerian mimicry
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______ is a form of symbiosis that benefits both organisms.
Mutualism
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______is a form of symbiosis that benefits one species and does not affect the other.
commensalism
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______is a form of symbiosis that benefits one species and hinders the other.
parasitism
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__parasites live outside of the host.
ecto
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__parasites live inside of the host.
endo
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A parasite feeds on the ___.
host
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To avoid ______, organisms may undergo character displacement or resource partitioning.
competition
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____ succession occurs when an ecosystem rebuilds after being completely destroyed where not even soil is present.
primary
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____ succession occurs when an ecosystem rebuilds after being destroyed but where soil is present.
secondary
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___ are the first organisms to colonize an area and begin the process of ecological succession.
pioneer organisms
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What is the correct order of ecological succession?
lichens, grasses, shrubs, trees, climax community
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____ derive energy from the sun.
producers
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consumers that eat producers are called ___.
primary consumers
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Consumers that eat primary consumers are called ____.
secondary consumers
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Consumers that eat secondary consumers are called ___.
tertiary consumers
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The different levels of producers and consumers are called ____.
trophic levels
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What is the transfer of food energy up trophic levels.
food web/ food chain
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In a food web, the arrows point ___ and represent _____________________.
up; it represents where the energy travels
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What percentage of energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level?
10%
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What is the main purpose of the food web?
It is used to show the flow of energy
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What did Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring, published in 1962, bring attention to?
the detrimental effects of DDT
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What is the greater concentration of accumulated toxins in organisms at higher trophic levels?
biological magnification
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Why won't most ecosystems have quaternary consumers?
There would not be enough energy to sustain a quaternary consumer level.
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The ultimate source of energy in ecosystems is from____.
the sun
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What is the most important species within an ecosystem that the whole ecosystem pivots on?
keystone specie
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The ocean holds ___of the world’s water. Glaciers and polar ice caps hold___. Freshwater bodies and groundwater combined hold ___.
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Water that flows off the land.
runoff
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Water that seeps into the soil.
Infiltration
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What is water evaporation from living organisms?
Transpiration.
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What is the backbone of living things?
carbon
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What is the order for the nitrogen cycle beginning with nitrogen gas?
nitrogen gas ammonium nitrite nitrate
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What are the abreviations for the following?
Nitrogen gas
Ammonium
Nitrite
Nitrate
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The atmosphere contains ___% of nitrogen.
80%
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