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1996 = Wassenaar Arrangement - terrorist countries.
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Chosen cipherattacks -
- Intruder must capture large portion of cyphertext
- chose which parts are to be decrypted
- translation process is analyzed to identify secret key
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How many symmetric keys are required? Formula
N(N+1)/2
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PGP -
web of trust between users, users can determine how much they trust one another.
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IPSec Provides ...
Integrity, confidentiality, and System authentication. NOT user authentication.
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Cesear cipher
- shift in alphabet - key is # of shifts
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IPSec - ESP, AH
- ESP = confidentiality, message integrity, and system authentication
- AH = message integrity, and system authentication
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Lucifer -
128 bit algorith - accepted as DES - key size went from 128 to 64 and renamed DES
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x.509
standard for digital certificates
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Concealment cipher -
disguise messages within the text of a body or message, using every other word to form a message
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Cryptovariable
another word for key - provides secrecy
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Diffie Hillman Algorithm function?
Performs Key exchange
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Block ciphers vs. Stream ciphers
- Block ciphers - work better in applications - they work with blocks of data
- Stream ciphers - work better in hardware - work with bits of data
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Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) ? =
Does not perform message encryption or key exchange - the DSS dictates that SHA-1 or DSA are to be used for digital signatures
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El Gamal
- Asymmectric, (public key algorithm),
- Used for digital signatures,
- encryption,
- key exchange
- calculates discrete logarithms in a finite field.
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A good one-way message hashing function ...
creates a message digest from the whole message
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Link Encryption -
encrypting header information - ect.
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True weakness of DES ...
- key size
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Vernam Cipher
- One Time Pad
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SHA
- hashing algorithm developed by NASA
- improves upon RC5
- larger hash value of bits .. larger message digest .. more resistent to birthday attacks
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Symmetric algorithms are faster becuase ...
they use substitution and transposition
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Confusion is carried out by ...
Diffustion is carried out by ...
Confusion is carried out by substitution
Diffustion is carried out by transposition
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Key clustering -
One key is used to encrypt two different messages and they both end up with the same cyphertext.
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MD2
- 128 bit hash algorithm
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AES - encryption algorithm?
- Rijndeal
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Purpose of public key
- authenticate private key
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zero knowledge proof -
you can prove you have a key without sharing private key - don't share too much information
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DEA -
algorithm for DES (standard) - 16 rounds and 8 parity bits - 56 bit true key size
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SSL
requires PKI - it performs authentication by using certificate authorities and certificates
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HTTPS vs S-HTTP
- HTTPS - used to encrypt a channel
- S-HTTP - used to encrypted individual messages
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Cryptanalysis requires
- Access to ciphertext and algorithm source
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SKIP ISAKMP
key management protocols that can be used by IPSec - defacto IKE - internet key exchange - NETWORK LAYER
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