Anatomy Hormones and Disorders from Them

• (human growth hormone)
• from: anterior pituitary
• targets: bone & muscle
• function: bone growth & muscle growth
• dysfunctions: acromegly, pituitary gigantism, & pituitar dwarfism

• (thyroid stimulating hormone)
• from: anterior pituitar
• targets: thyroid gland
• function: makes thyroid gland produce either T3 or T4 hormones

• (luteinizing hormone)
• from: anterior pituitary
• targets: ovary
• function: triggers ovulation

• (PRL)
• from: anterior pituitary
• targets: mammary glands
• function: development of milk during and after pregnancy

• (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
• from: anterior pituitary
• targets: anything from adrenal glands except adrenaline
• function: stimulates adrenal, cortico, & tropic glands

• (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
• from: anterior pituitary
• targets: skin
• function: stimulate production and release of melanin by melanocytes (determines skin color)

• (follicle-stimulating hormone)
• from: anterior pituitary
• targets: follicles in ovary
• function: regulates development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body

• from: posterior pituitary
• targets: uterus
• function: positive feedback for contractions during labor (more oxytocin = more contractions)

• (antidiuretic hormone)
• from: posterior pituitary
• targets: kidney
• function: tells kidneys not to make urine
• dysfunction: diabetes insipidus

• (triiodothyronine)
• from: thyroid
• targets: all cells (mainly mitochondria)
• function: BMR
• dysfunction: exophthalmos (a symptom)

• (thyroxine)
• from: thyroid
• targets: all cells (mainly mitochondria)
• function: BMR
• dysfunction: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, & goiter

• from: thyroid
• targets: bone & kidneys
• function: reduces blood calcium levels
• antagonist: PTH

• (parathyroid hormone)
• from: parathyroid
• targets: bone
• function: increases blood calcium level
• synergist: calcitriol
• antagonist: calcitonin

• from: pineal gland
• targets: reticular formation
• function: modulates sleep patterns

• from: thymus 
• targets: WBC
• function: promote proliferation and maturation of T-cells

• (atrial natriuretic peptide)
• antagonist: aldosterone
• from: heart
• targets: heart, vessels, & kidney
• function: reduce blood pressure & opens kidneys to dump out water

• from: pancreas (secreted by beta cells)
• targets: liver
• function: lowers glucose and glucagon levels in blood by making glycogen
• antagonist: glucagon

• from: pancreas (secreted by alpha cells)
• targets: liver
• function: tells liver to break down starch to raise blood sugar levels
• antagonist: insulin

• from: kidney
• targets: kidney & small intestine
• function: has kidney cells and the small intestine to absorb more calcium to raise calcium level of blood
• synergist: PTH

• (erythropoietin)
• from: kidney
• targets: red bone marrow
• function: makes you make more RBC (pos. feedback)

• from: mast cells
• targets: mucous membrane
• function: causes allergy symptoms & inflammation of mucous membrane

• from: mast cells
• targets: WBC
• function: causes allergy symptoms & tells WBC where particles are

• (human chorionic gonadotropin)
• from: uterus
• targets: placenta
• function: helps chorionic membrane implant into wall of uterus

• from: uterus
• targets: pubic symphysis
• function: softens pubic symphysis to allow the pelvic girdle to stretch

• from: uterus
• targets: chorionic villi
• function: hormone of pregnancy; keeps uterus filled w/ blood & fluid, thus preventing miscarriage

• from: ovary
• targets: most cell tissues
• function: promotes female sexual characteristics

• from: testes
• targets: testis, muscle, bone, & prostate
• function: make sure sperm is correct & promotes male sexual characteristics (inc. muscle, bone mass, & body hair)

• (dehydroepiandrosterone)
• from: adrenal cortex
• targets: muscle tissue, fat tissue, & hair follicles
• function: gives women secondary sexual characteristics 
• dysfunction: virilism & gynecomastia

• from: adrenal cortex
• targets: kidney
• function: makes you retain sodium, and thus water; regulates blood pressure this way
• synergist: ADH

• from: adrenal cortex
• targets: liver & muscles
• function: anti-inflammatory, response to extreme stress, and promotes healing by giving energy

• from: adrenal medulla
• targets: heart, blood vessels, & smooth muscles
• function: response to stress & exhilirating situations

• from: stomach (G cells)
• targets: cells that produce gastric juice
• function: stimulate production of gastric juice

• from: small intestine
• targets: small intestine & pancreas
• function: release intestinal & pancreatic juice

• (gastric inhibitory peptide)
• from: small intestine
• targets: stomach
• function: inhibits stomach (slows it down)

• (cholecystokinin)
• from: small intestine
• targets: gallbladder
• function: squirts bile into intestine by making gallbladder contract

• (epidermal growth factor)
• from: skin
• targets: skin cells
• function: make skin grow quicker

• (neuronal growth factor)
• from: nerves
• targets: nerve cells
• function: development of brain and nerve tissue (only when young)

development of masculine physical traits

abnormal growth of hands, feet, & face, caused by overproduction of hGH (after fully grown)

stunted physical & mental growth b/c of untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones

exposure to high levels of cortisol causes: hump between shoulders, round face, & stretch marks

intense thirst & incessant peeing caused by kidney unable to respond properly to ADH

pancreas produces little to no insulin (life-long & aka insulin dependent)

becomes resistant to insulin (aka non-insulin dependent), most common (75-80% of diabetes)

caused by imbalance of insulin, can lead to fainting, coma, or even death

abnormal protrusion of the eye/eyeball (symptom of pituitary or thyroid problem)

swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland b/c of an iodine deficiency

enlargement of a man's breasts from hormone imbalance (DHEA)

swelling of skin & underlying tissues, gives a waxy appearance

pituitary doesn't make enough hGH, results in unusually small stature

excessive growth due to chronic overactivity of pituitary gland

(seasonal affective disorder) depression that occurs during winter b/c of lack of melatonin b/c not enough daylight