Comm Exam 2

• Thought -> Referent -> Symbol -> Thought etc. Thought: put labels of objects.
• Chair = object, “chair is only the label we’ve chosen to put on it. Nothing
• makes it a chair besides the fact that we choose to call it a chair. Referent <-> Symbol = Onomatopoeia

words that sound like the sound they represent. when the referent and the symbol are the same thing

• unified symbol system
• social construction
• code based
• influenced by culture

how to put these symbols together to make sense, AKA grammar

made by us/society. we are constantly creating and developing language. making new words as new concepts arise

different skill sets that we use to adopt different linguistic style, different ways/modes of speaking based on the notions we have

having different ways of talking about a particular object or subject

have a single way of talking about a particular object or subject, we all start off with this. Bernstein claimed that people with lower socioeconomic status have this

can talk in different accents/vocabulary. Speak differently in different contexts

different words mean different things. People develop language in the context of their own culture

• linguistic determinism
• linguistic relativity

language influences how we interpret the world

• because language affects thought, people who speak different languages perceive the world differently. 
• the concept/word "freedom" means different things in different cultures. "biscuit" means different things here and in England. same words have different meanings

words or phrases that are socially constructed to be profance

"Congress shall make no law..." = Congress is prohibited from passing laws that would prohibit you from speaking out against the government. limitations for public order, so if your right to say something disturbs public order then it is not okay

puts people into groups, ascribe them a label into which they might not necessarily belong (hate speech)

tendency to ascribe in language male terminology to positions or language (chairman, fireman, policeman)

if we don't know the gender of a person, we make that person a man or plural

hate speech favors/assumes heterosexuality

• confirmation
• rejection
• disconfirmation

acknowledges the presence of the other person as well as indicating acceptance of the person and your relationship

disagree with the person and indicate your unwillingness to accept something the other says or does

ignore the person and their communication. this is never "appropriate

always appropriate. owning your own behavior. "I am responsible for my own anger"

blaming others for your own behavior. "you are responsible for my anger"

• biased language
• bypassing
• lack of clarity
• allness (indiscrimination) 
• static evaluation
• polarization

using language that reflects biases associated with age, sex, class, ability, sexual orientation

confusion resulting from the use of a word(s) that evokes different meanings for different people (AI=artificial intelligence.. or artificial insemination?)

inappropriate or imprecise use of language (President's day rather than "observation of washington's birthday")

lumping things or people into all-encompassing categories (stereotyping, CNU students)

labeling people, objects, or events without considering change (first impressions impacting how we see someone or something without considering how things might have changed)

creating dichotomies (either/or terms) when they don't exist (black or white? no, usually a shade of grey)

• nonverbal: "all aspects of communication other than words themselves," includes sound behavior
• non-oral: nonverbal that doesn't involve the use of vocal sounds
• all non-oral is nonverbal, but not the other way around

voice characteristics (pitch, volume, pronunciation, etc)

body movement

face

eye behavior

touch

• playful
• control
• ritualistic
• task-related
• hybrid (mix of functions)

• Intimate (0-18 inches)
• Personal (18 inches to 4 ft)
• Social (4-12 ft)
• Public (beyond 12 ft)

• primary
• secondary
• public

we have a right to control it and who has access to this space (dorm/home)

you claim it as long as you are in it (seat in class, professor's desk in the front of the room)

available to the entire public, anyone can potentially use it, no rights to claim space on it but not yours to control (the great lawn)

Smell. can sometimes trigger certain memories

color, lighting, room design

• technical
• formal
• informal

scientific measurement. our society uses this as "formal time"

taught by society (what's important or not). Our society uses "technical time" as this. Some societies don't have seconds or minutes or months

• the way we as individuals use time
• duration: time allocated for a particular event
• punctuality: promptness associated with time keeping
• activity: chronemic value. if a friend had something to talk to you about and you said you have an hour, would you cut them off after an hour?

talking about the experience of emotions

communication where emotion is a property of the message, rather than the content of the message (sometimes considered irrational)

the process of transferring an emotion from one person to another (communicating emotionally with someone else)

• joyful/affectionate
• hostile
• sad/anxious

happiness, passion, liking

anger, contempt, disgust, jealousy, envy

sadness, grief, fear, anxiety

affect -> feeling -> emotion

• biological response to a stimulus (physiological)
• can be measured

physiological awareness of a stimulus (cognitive)

individual experience/response to affect and feeling (behavioral)

• valence: whether the emotion is positive or negative (or neutral)
• intensity: variance in terms of intensity (anxiety -> worry -> society)

• primary: pure emotions, similar across cultures (joy, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust)
• secondary: combo of emotions, differ dramatically across cultures (jealousy = anger + fear + sadness)