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8thgradeclass
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What does the atomic number represent?
the number of protons
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____ are found inside the nucleus and has a positive charge.
protons
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_____ are found outside of the nucleus and has a negative charge.
electrons
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What reacts because of the electrons?
atoms
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What does the atomic mass represent?
the amount of protons plus the amount of neutrons
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What is the electron that reacts?
the valence electron
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Each ring outside of the nucleus holds how many electrons?
8 except for the first one that only contains 2
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_____ are held together by positive and negative charges.
Ionic bonds
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____ share electrons
covalent bonds
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When an atom shares bonds equally it is _____.
non-polar
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What are the four most common elements in order?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
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Why is a water molecule polar?
because of the electronegativity difference, which creates a slightly more negatively charged oxygen and slightly more positively charged hydrogens.
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What gives water most of its unique properties?
Hydrogen bonding
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Are enzymes affected by their environment?
yes
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Do all enzymes function in the same optimal conditions?
No
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What helps enzymes work better and faster?
Coenzymes
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If an enzyme loses its shape integrity can carry out its function?
No
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Enzymes are ___ and _____.
proteins and catalysts
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How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?
by applying pressure to the reactants, bringing the reactants closer together and by pulling on the reactants to apply stress to the bonds
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What makes the backbone of DNA and RNA?
sugar and phosphate
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The four nucleotide bases of DNA
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
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The four nucleotide bases of RNA
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
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What carries genetic information?
DNA and RNA
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DNA and RNA are both ______ but can also be called _____.
nucleic acids, polynucleotides
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What makes up DNA and RNA?
sugar, phosphate, and base
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Steroid hormones are
hydrophobic
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Your body stores the fats from your meal in the form of:
triglycerides
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Sucrose is a ______ made from _____ and _______.
disaccharide; fructose; fructose
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Used for energy storage in animals
glycogen
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Used for energy storage in plants
starch
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What is made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
a carbohydrate
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Carbohydrates are _______. What is their function?
polysaccharides; store energy
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Monosaccarides have a _:_:_ ratio of C:H:O.
1:2:1
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Monosaccarides have a 1:2:1 ratio of _:_:_.
C:H:O
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the internal bonds that keep the protein stable, the amino acid sequence, and the alpha helices and beta sheets all contribute to a protein's function by helping proteins maintain there ____.
shape
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What are some functions of proteins?
They catalyze chemical reactions. They transport materials. They repair tissues.
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The primary protein structure is the _____
polypeptide chain
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Tertiary protein structure is the _______ folding of the _______.
completed; polypeptide
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_____ and ____ are secondary protein structures.
beta sheets and alpha helices
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quaternary protein structure is the ________.
completed protein complex
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Amino acids have a ____ group, _____ group, and an ____ group.
amino, carboxyl, R-group
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Is the carboxyl group acidic?
yes
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What is the "R-group" short for?
random
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What is the loss of a water molecule?
dehydration synthesis
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amino acids bond through ______. What type of bond does it form?
dehydration synthesis; peptide bond
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In order to break a peptide bond you have to add a water molecule. What is the process called?
hydrolysis
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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen make up approximately ___ of all living things.
95%
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Which two properties of water do plants depend on for water transport up the stems?
adhesion and cohesion
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The weakest of all chemical reactions and are not considered bonds
Van der Waals interactions
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Nitrogen (N2) has a ___ covalent bond.
triple
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a ____ covalent bond.
double
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Water (H2O) has a ____ covalent bond.
single
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Salt (NaCl) is an ____compound
ionic
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Ionic bonds are formed between two atoms with very different ______.
electronegativity
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Ionic bonds are stronger than ______ bonds, but weaker than _____ bonds.
hydrogen; covalent
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What is an acid?
any solute that donates H+ to the solution or that accepts OH- from the solution
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What makes up a solution?
a solvent and a solute
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What are two very important solutes?
acids and bases
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A(n) ____ increases the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
acid
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A(n) ____ reduces the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
base
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A ph between 0-6 is ____.
acidic
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A ph of 7 is ______.
neutral
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A ph of 8-10+ is ______.
basic
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What are some unique properties of water?
- its high surface tension
- its ability to absorb large amounts of heat
- its ability to dissolve many polar compounds
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Water can only dissolve ___ substances.
polar
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