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Addison’s Disease
Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex
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Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty
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Diabetes Mellitus
Hyposecretion of insulin
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Pituitary Dwarfism
Hyposecretion of growth hormone
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Graves’ Disease
Autoimmune disorder of the thyroid
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Cushing’s Disease
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
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Thyroid
Major Regulator of metabolism; produces the body’s major metabolic hormones
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Adrenal medulla and cortex
controls fight or flight, on top of kidneys; cortex produces hormones that control sodium levels
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Hypophysis
Stimulates other endocrine glands; pituitary gland
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Parathyroid
Controls calcium and potassium levels by removal from bone tissue
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Pancreas
Produces hormones that regulate glucose (both exocrine and endocrine)
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Thymus
normal development of the immune response
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calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level
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hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
insulin and glucagon
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e the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin
beta cells
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the pancreatic islet cells that produce glucagon
alpha cells
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Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of
sodium
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The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is
the thyroid gland
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Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of
Cortisol
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Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known
down regulation
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The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
the presence of the appropriate receptors
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Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to
steroid hormones because both diffuse easily into target cells.
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The major targets of growth hormone are
bones and skeletal muscles
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The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through
targeting the bone and activating the osteoclasts
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Leptin is secreted by
adipocytes
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the mechanism of calcium homeostasis
PTH most important regulator of calcium
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the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males
Stimulates sperm production
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Hormone that stimulates production of RBCs is
erythropoietin (EPO)
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The hormone regulating electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is
aldosterone
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hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis
- ACTH
- TSH
- FSH
- LH
- GH
- Prolactin (PRL)
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steroid-based hormones
- Aldosterone
- Cortisone
- Estrogen
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the categories of endocrine gland stimuli
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Eosinophil
- -(2% - 4%) bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules
- Kills parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma
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Neutrophil
- (50% - 70%) multilobed nucleus; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules
- Phagocytize bacteria
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Lymphocytes
- (25% OR MORE) spherical or indented nucleus; pale blue cytoplasm
- Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies
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Basophil
- (LESS THAN 1%) bilobed nucleus; large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
- Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant
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Monocytes
- (3% - 8%) U- or kidney-shaped nucleus; gray-blue cytoplasm
- Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues
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Eicosanoids
Third class of hormones (ex: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, paracrines)
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Structural and functional characteristics of hypophysis
- Anterior-true gland (adenohypiphysis), makes and releases hormones
- Posterior-neural tissue, stores and releases hormones
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The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the
Hypophyseal portal system
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The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland is through the
hypothalamal/hypophyseal tract
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The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
it is a storage area only
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LH is also referred to as
Gonadotropin
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ADH secretion will increase when blood pressure...
decreases
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The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is
gluconeogenesis
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The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the ...
thyroid
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The presence of an exophthalmic goiter is associated with
Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism)
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The effects of hyposecretion of thyroid hormones on the reproductive system includes:
depressed ovarian function and impotence in males (see pg 607 table 16.2)
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Calcitonin
Decreases plasma calcium
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TSH
Regulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormone
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ACTH
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
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Prolactin
Stimulates milk production
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Thymosin
Promotes development of T-cells
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Leukemia
Cancerous condition involving WBCs
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Anemia
Blood condition in which there is a low oxygen carrying capacity
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Polycythemia all types
Too many RBC’s leading to increased viscosity
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Embolism
Free floating thrombus in the bloodstream
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Secondary Polycythemia
EPO production goes up and oxygen levels are low
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the chemical components of the Hemoglobin molecule
Protein globin and the red pigment heme
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the functions of blood
Transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen, maintenance of body temperature
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blood type O
Neither anti-sera A nor B clotting present on blood plate
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the organs regulating RBC production
Kidney
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The parent cell for all formed elements of blood
pluripotent
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The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues
Diapedesis
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How would Aspirin affect blood clothing?
Anti-prostoglandin drug which inhibits platelet aggregation and platelet plug formation
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What is the purpose of RhoGam injections?
Block mother’s immune response and to prevent her sensitization
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In what situations might Rh incompatibility develop?
RH- mother with RH+ baby
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different types of capillaries
- Continuous (brain and skin) pg 697
- Fenestrated (kidneys)
- Sinusoids (liver)
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Elastic
pg 696(pulmonary arteries, the aorta and its branches)
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Muscular
(radial artery, splenic artery)
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Arterioles
(lead to capillaries)
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the conditions which can be expected with polycythemia
- High hematocrit
- Increased blood volume
- High blood pressure
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the correct developmental sequence of an RBC
1. reticulocyte
2. proerythroblast
3. normoblast
4. late erythroblast
(proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte)
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Natural anticoagulant found in basophils, mast cells, and the surface of endothelial cells is
Heparin
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The immediate response to blood vessel injury is
vascular spasms
-
the regulatory functions of blood
- Delivery of oxygen
- Transport of metabolic waste
- Prevention of blood loss
-
the protective functions of blood
- Prevent blood loss
- Prevent infection
-
Blood volume restorers include
- Normal saline
- Multiple electrolyte solution
- Human serum albumin
- Hetastarch
- Dextran
-
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of
pernicious anemia
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characteristic of all leukocytes
They are all nucleated
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The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is
Hemoglobin F because it has a higher affinity for oxygen
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Which blood type is called the universal donor?
O
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Normal range of hemoglobin ________.
- 13-18 in males
- 12-16 in females
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Name the normal plasma proteins
- Albumins
- Fibrinogens
- Globulins
-
Thromboembolic disorders are characterized by
undesirable intravascular clotting or hemostasis in the wrong place.
-
Know the location of followings: Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
- Epicardium: outer lining of the heart; serous membrane covering the heart
- Myocardium: heart muscle
- Endocardium: inner lining of the heartParietal: outer most layer
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Epicardium:
outer lining of the heart; serous membrane covering the heart
-
-
Endocardium:
inner lining of the heart
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Parietal:
outer most layer
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Know the followings: Purkinje fibers, AV bundle, SA node, AV node
- Purkinje fibers: network found in the ventricular myocardium
- AV bundle: found in the interventricular septum
- SA node: pacemaker of the heart
- AV node: impulse is temporarily delayed
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Purkinje fibers:
network found in the ventricular myocardium
-
AV bundle:
found in the interventricular septum
-
SA node:
pacemaker of the heart
-
AV node:
impulse is temporarily delayed
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Know the function and location for the followings; Pulmonary valves, Aortic valve, Mitral valve, and Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary valves: prevents backflow in the right ventricle
- Aortic valve: prevents backflow into the left ventricle
- Mitral valve (bicuspid): prevents backflow into the left atrium
- Tricuspid valve: prevents backflow into the right atrium
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Pulmonary valves:
prevents backflow in the right ventricle
-
Aortic valve:
prevents backflow into the left ventricle
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Mitral valve (bicuspid):
prevents backflow into the left atrium
-
Tricuspid valve:
prevents backflow into the right atrium
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Normal heart sounds are caused by
closing of the valves
-
Ventricles are not
in diastole when the semilunar valves are open
-
why the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall?
In order to pump blood with greater pressure.
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Damage to the_______ is referred to as heart block
AV node
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The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates:
atrial depolarization
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The ___________ carry blood to capillaries in the myocardium.
coronary arteries
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Length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells is longer than the same skeletal muscle cells to:
prevent titanic contractions
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What happens to the heart rate if the vagal nerves to the heart were cut?
Heart rate increases by nearly 25 beats
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Which blood vessels receive blood during ventricular systole?
Pulmonary trunk and aorta
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Isovolumetric contraction refers to
refers to the short period of time during which ventricles are completely closed
-
Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is (higher/lower) than in the systemic circulation.
lower
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The three main factors influencing blood pressure
- Cardiac output
- Peripheral resistance
- Blood volume resistance
-
The chemicals which help regulate blood pressure
- ADH
- ANP/antrial natrietic peptide
- Angiotensin II
-
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
Tunica intima
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Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of
Capillaries
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The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called
Hepatic portal circulation
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The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are ...
the muscular arteries
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This process provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure
Renal regulation
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Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
Tunica media
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The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called
Terminal arterioles
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