Bio 2 Final Quiz

• Water vapor - short cycle; doesn’t build up
• Methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons - effective in trapping heat, but less common
• CO2 - very long cycle; concentration is building up

• Stimulate the wrong species - they could provide the wrong nutrients
• Cause algal boom and bust, using up oxygen in water and killing other species (runaway effect)
• Decaying algae and other organisms generate methane
• Stimulated phytoplankton could use up nutrients necessary for other species
• Algal bloom floats, causing shading of shallow areas that depend on light

• Evaporation
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Infiltration
• Discharge

Higher concentration of oceanic O18 - cooler paleotemperature

• Rain reacts with atmospheric CO2 to form carbonic acid
• Carbonic acid weathers silicate rocks
• Erosion carries carbonic acid, bicarbonate, ions to ocean
• Carbon-containing sediment (including invertebrate skeletons) deposits on ocean floor
• Carbon-containing sediment subducts and melts
• Volcanoes release CO2

• Higher temperatures -> more rain/plants -> more CO2 absorbed out of atmosphere
• Lower temperatures -> less rain/plants -> CO2 can accumulate in atmosphere

Venus is too hot with a very thick atmosphere and Mars is too cold with no atmosphere; Earth is just right

• Photosynthesis draws CO2 out of the atmosphere
• Respiration returns CO2 to atmosphere

• Axial precession -> wobble of Earth’s axis
• Axial tilt -> 22.1-24.5 degrees from vertical; affects how Sun’s rays reach the Earth
• Orbital eccentricity -> shape of Earth’s orbit around Sun changes from circular to elliptical every 413,000 years

• Deforestation/logging
• Burning fossil fuels
• Cement production
• Cleared lang - agriculture
• Fighting brush/forest fires

• Rising sea level
• More acidic ocean due to dissolved CO2 (changes ocean density)

• If the loss of Zooxanthellae occurs due to environmental change, the host organism forms a new symbiotic relationship with a different type of Zooxanthellae
• These new endosymbionts are believed to be better adapted to the new environment

• Waves
• Bio-erosion -> Bering sponges (produce acid which hurts CaCO3 skeleton) and point fish (tear off coral and eat it)

• CO2 levels
• Temperature
• Ocean chemistry
• Sea levels

• Adaption
• Move to more favorable locations
• Extinction

• Direct -> each species can survive/breed only in its characteristic thermal tolerance range
• Indirect -> temperature may limit species ranges by influencing distribution of other species on which a given species depend

• Tropical species more sensitive to warming
• Disease-carrying species are finding better homes amongst humans

• Don’t have to find a mate
• Ensures all the genes are yours; more genes in next generation
• Correct fit to circumstances
• More efficient
• Exploit a given habitat/resource

• Crawl apart and break, forming two
• Starfish - if detached arm has part of central disk, can regenerate

• Modular unit of organism that is grown, then sep. from original body
• Starfish larvae - budding happens in this stage
• Bull kelp - bud for territory -> can switch into sexual selection

• Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
• Dapnia - hatch out of winter eggs
• Can switch to sexual selection
• Komodo dragon (not storing male sperm) - the only ones that develop are male

• Allows potentially beneficial mutations to appear against different genetic backgrounds
• More genetic diversity
• Conditions are always changing; what was a successful phenotype in this generation may not be successful in a different place/time
• Ability to control heritage

• Need to get 2 of them together
• Can be dangerous (vulnerable to predators)

• Timing and proximity still matter
• Energy = finite; tradeoff between number of gametes and how much energy is invested in each one

• Random natural disasters
• Competition (intra-species)

• Plants provide enticement in source of pollen or nectar (sugar substance with amino acids and proteins)
• Really hard to get anywhere else in the world

• Hummingbirds - small size, ability to hover, shape of beak 
• Long flower-shaped beaks
• Long flower-shaped tongues
• Pollen basket - pocket carry back pollen to hive to eat

• Attracting the right pollinator with the right color
• Precise, spring-loaded pollination with a backup plan
• Chemicals (smells) to attract pollinators

• Selection
• Drift

Mixing species can cause biodiversity loss

• Have to have certain traits that make them attractive to certain environments that allow them to moved around
• Need to establish breeding population
• Has to spread beyond site of introduction, moving into novel environments (bold and exploratory organisms)

• Ability to disperse is key
• Niche

• Dietary breadth
• Diversity of habitats
• High reproductive rates
• Bold and exploratory behavior

• Large brain size
• Behavioral flexibility

• Brown tree snake
• Rapidly disperse; flexible diet
• Drove most animals to extinction except island swiftlet (smooth cave walls)

• Pigs help guava grow
• Eat native plants -> troughs fill with water -> mosquitos breed
• I’iwi Honeycreeper v. susceptible to mosquitos

• Brown rat preys on seabirds 
• Chemicals that kill brown rats by internal bleeding

• Rats came -> cats placed
• Cats killed songbirds and other birds
• Rabbits introduced as game; drove vegetation to low numbers -> island erosion
• Weasels and Myxoma virus introduced to kill rabbits
• Cats started preying on birds
• Hunting, trapping, and dogs to control birds
• Myxoma-resistant rabbits coming back