-
a. The __ that would be considered gymnosperms
b. __genera, __species
c. Most commonly used as __
d. Important economically
i. Really important source of __
1. __ for framing for houses
- largest of the phyla
- 50
- 550
- ornamentals
- lumber
- Pine wood
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a. Several different ones, such as __(8)__ etc.
b. __in shape, not always but they often are because what?
- pine, redwoods, bald cypress (native to swamps), juniper, larch, yew, red cedar, arbor vitae,
- Conical
- the bud at the top of the main trunk tends to suppress main stems below it
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Explain further the reason for the shape.
- i. Some plants suppress them to a large extent until they are a certain distance away at which point they will grow
- ii. Buds have to get a certain distance away before they start to grow
- 1. The buds at the bottom are longer because they grow first
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a. All __(NO EXCEPTION); they produce __ and have __
i. Shrubs and trees, regardless, are all __
1. One ring of wood per year
- woody
- wood and have annual rings
- woody
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Leaves:
- Two ways
- 1. Long stem and leaves attached to it directly
- 2. Leaves grouped on short side stems
- a. Leaves + short side stems are called fascicles
-
Leaves
- difference in size of the leaves
- 1. Can be long and needle-shaped
- 2. Can be very small and short (may be covering stems); scalelike
- a. Each small segment is an entire leaf
-
i. Every conifer is a __; there are no __ at all
ii. If you push the leaves together, you end up with a __
1. If you have different __, you have different cross sections that form a nice neat circle
a. Cross sectional shape depends on __
- simple leaf
- compounded leaves
- circular structure
- fascicles
- how many needles are in a fascicle
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a. Some are __; but, others are __(leaves fall off basically at the same time)
i. Needles are lost after they turn yellow
b. Most conifers do __, but they __
i. Leaves can stay on for up to __years
1. Leaves lost more in the spring
- evergreen
- deciduous
- lose their leaves
- lose them continuously; not at the same time
- ten
-
a. Male reproductive structure: __
i. Each cone scale produces a __
1. Each cone scale is a __
ii. They release a __
iii. Very __, meaning __
- cones
- certain number of microsporangia
- microsporophyll
- lot of pollen
- transient
- form in the spring; shed their pollen; dry up and fall off
-
i. Pine pollen grains have a characteristic shape
1. Structure shows __
2. Typically, a pollen grain that’s released can have __
a. Similar structure to cycad pollen
3. Can be up to __
a. Usually, as the pollen grain develops, the __
- that they get dispersed by wind; they appear to have wings
- up to four cells
- two prothallial cells
- prothallial cells get crushed up against microspore wall
-
1. Once they get into an ovule, the same thing happens as in cycads
__
a. Pollen tube elongates and migrates down b. Eventually, the generative cell divides directly into two sperm
-
What is different in conifers than cycads?
- i. A step missing that is present in cycads
- 1. No body cell; no stalk cell; the generative cell just divides
- 2. Debate: are these ‘sperm’ nuclei?
- b. Germinates before megaspore site ever begins dividing at all (which is the same as cycads)
-
a. Female cones develop __
i. Male cone do what?
ii. In a typical pine, it takes about __for female cone to develop
1. __
2. Seeds are fairly __
- much more slowly than male cones
- forms in spring and pollen grains and drops off tree
- 2.5 years
- Start to develop in spring and summer of one year and finally mature in the spring and summer or winter and fall of the year after
-
i. In female, the cone scale is considered a __
1. The reason for that is due to __
ii. In contrast, the male cone scale is considered a __
iii. Megasporocyte: __
1. Forms __
- modified branch
- the bract (a modified leaf that is found right underneath a reproductive structure)
- modified leaf
- cell that is bigger than all of the others
- four megaspores; three disintegrate
-
i. Pollen grains found in the __ prior to __
ii. In most conifers, the male and female cones are __
a. This is different from cycads, which have __ of the cone scale with no surrounding
-- Seeds __
- pollen chamber
- meiosis
- produced on the same plant
- different plants
- sit on the top of the cone scale with no surrounding
-
i. Advantage of having cone scales that are fused together in the 17 month period
- 1. the 6 month, the cone scales are open
- a. Why: the pollen needs to be able to reach the ovule
- i. The micropyle faces the center of the cone so the cone scales have to be separate from each other
- 2. Advantage of 17 month period: protection
- 3. Opens up again to allow the seeds to get out
- ii. Ovule has same basic structure as the cycad
-
a. Sperm produced by conifer has no __, so the pollen tube has to __
i. __sperm produced but only __
b. Seeds: __
c. Some cones don’t have to be opened up, but what opens them up is __
- flagella
- grow into the archegonium to get to the egg
- Two
- one used
- a majority have a wing; others don’t; called pine nuts (not true nuts)
- intense heat, such as that of a fire, which opens them up, allowing them to drop their seeds and replace the seeds that diie
-
a. Coastal redwoods include the __trees
i. Found on the __
ii. These trees have a __ that extends way out from the tree
1. Adjacent redwoods do what?
iii. Giant sequoia and coastal redwoods are very different
1. __are different
- tallest
- coast of California (San Francisco)
- shallow root system
- intertwine their roots
- Leaves
-
a. Yew (taxus)
i. Male and Female
1. Produces __, but does not __
a. Produces __ with an __ ii. The whole plant, especially the red part, is __
1. Has __
a. If you plant female plants, kids are attracted to the red part. The red part isn’t poisonous, but the __ and __ are
- Separate male and female plant
- male cones
- produce female cones
- individual seeds
- Extra fleshy layer around it that is bright red
- extremely toxic
- alkaloids
- seeds and leaves
-
a. Juniper
i. Used a lot as __
ii. Produce __
iii. Female cones don’t look like __, but instead look like __; called Juniper berries (used to flavor gin); __
b. Most conifers produce __because of the __, which are located in the __
- ornamentals
- both male and female cones
- cones
- berries
- fleshy cone
- resin
- resin canals
- stems and leaves
-
i. Why is resin produced?
1. __
2. __
a. If you damage a conifer stem, you will see resin sticking out that will cover over the wound
b. If the resin hardens, you end up with __, which is used for jewelry; before it solidifies, it’s really sticky
- Probably a good fungicide and insecticide
- Covers over wounds
- amber
-
i. Not cheap; fairly expensive
1. Especially the amber that has things caught in it; doesn’t decay very much
2. Resin is __ and __
a. Pitchers use it to make the ball thick
b. Bowlers use it
c. Makes thing __
i. Violin bows and viola bows and cello bow
d. May be used by some dancers as well
- turpentine and rosin
- not quite as slippery
-
a. Conifer leaves have a lot of __
adaptations for dry environments
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