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How do you form a carbohydrate?
- Carbon source
- Electron source
- Energy source
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In photosynthesis, what is the carbon source?
Atmosphere
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In photosynthesis, what is the electron source?
NADPH
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In photosynthesis, what is the energy source?
Light
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What is the function of pigments?
Absorb energy from light
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What is the main accessory pigment?
Chlorophyll a
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Transpiration
Evaporation of H20 from leaf surfaces
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What are examples of photosynthetic "sinks"
- Roots
- flowers and fruits
- woody stem
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Photorespiration
When a plant gets too dry and must close its stomata to conserve H2O, which limits photosynthesis, it creates a build up of 02.
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What do CAM plants do to deal with dehydration?
They open their stomata at night, incorporating C02 into organic acids. Stomata close during the day, and C02 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin Cycle; temporal separation
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What is the "normal" type of photosynthesis?
C3
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Totipotent
Cells that are able to divide to become anything
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Pluripotent
Cells that are able to divide into specific cells
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What are the aspects of gene expression?
- Cell division
- Cell migration
- Cell differentiation
- Controlled cell death (apoptosis)
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Functions of chromatin
- Structural or packing proteins (histones)
- Gene expression
- replication
- repair
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Somatic cells
Non-reproductive cells that have two sets of chromosomes
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What are the two elements that make up the maturation promoting factor?
Cyclins and Kinases
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Growth factors
External signal, proteins released by certain cells that stimulate cells to divide
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Density-dependent inhibition
Crowded cells stop dividing
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Anchorage dependence
Cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
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Transformation
When a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell
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What are the phases of Interphase?
- G1: first gap; preparation for DNA synthesis
- S: synthesis; DNA replication
- G2: second gap
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What are the stages of mitosis
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Phenotypical traits have a physical location and can be followed
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How do prokaryotic cells divide their cells?
Binary fission
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What are the pros/cons of asexual reproduction?
- Pro: fast; no genetic partner required
- Con: no genetic variation
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What are the pros/cons of sexual reproduction?
- Pro: genetic variation
- Con: requires partner; slow; energetically demanding
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What are the aspects of Meiosis?
- Reduce genetic material by half (reduction division)
- Recombination
- -Crossing-over (synapsis/chiasmata)
- -Independent assortment
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Homologous chromosomes are the same in regards to ____ but different in regards to ____
- -Length, shape, centromere position same traits, same gene order, and same corresponding loci
- -Alleles
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