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how many people on earth?
7.2 billion
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how many planets would it take for everyone to live like americans?
4 1/2 planets
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percentage of people on earth that are American?
5%
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percentage of the world's resources americans use?
- 25%
- 5 times more then we should
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definition of population ecology
study of populations in relation to environment
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environmental influences on density and distribution for population ecology
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Two examples of animals that when protected rebounded from extinction
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what do dynamic biological processes influence?
- population density
- dispersion
- demography
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the number of individuals per unit area or volume
density
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pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
dispersion
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how to determine how many in a population
- Lincoln-Peterson index
- count the number in subplot(tag animals)
- extrapolate(capture, ratio: # tagged:untagged)
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how is density measured?
# of organisms coming into verses leaving the system
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birth, includes any biological process that increases population
natality
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term for organisms leaving a system
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term for organisms coming into the system
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type of dispersion that individuals aggregate in patches and reasons
- clumped dispersion
- resource availability
- behavior-wolves
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dispersion where the position of each individual is independent of other individuals and example
- random dispersion
- -dandelions
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dispersion in which individuals are evenly distributed
example
- uniform dispersion
- penguins
- pulp wood forest
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3 reasons for uniform dispersion
- social
- territorial behavior
- human action
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the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time
demography
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what are 2 particular interest to demographers
- death and birth rates
- -insurance companies
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an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
life table
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calculation for the average life expectancy
# deaths/# of alive
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situation where a life table is made by
- the fate of a cohort
- a lot born or hatched at the same time
- -baby boomers
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what is the event called when baby boomers have their kids
echo effect
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a graphic way of representing the data in a life table
survivorship curves
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describe survivorship curve graph
- x-axis: Age (years) or time
- y-axis: Number of survivors (log scale)
- slope is always decreasing
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survivorship curves with steps
- metamorphosis
- maggots, caterpillars, moths
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examples for the 3 types of survivorship curves
- Type I: People
- Type II: small mammals
- Type III: sea turtles, trees
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an age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
-#of offspring @ certain times
- reproductive table
- fertility schedule
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calculation for reproductive table
proportion of females weaning a litter x mean # of females in litter=average # of female offspring
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equation for reproductive rates
mean clutch size x hatching success
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life history traits are evolutionary outcomes reflected in the: 1, 2, 3, of an organism
- development
- physiology
- and behavior
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two types of diversity for reproduction
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species that reproduce once (a lot) and die
semelparity
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species that produce offspring repeatedly
iteroparity
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fish that reproduce then die
anamderous
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describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
exponential model
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if immigration and emigration are ignored, pop growth rate equals birth rate -death rate
per capita rate of increase
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when does zero pop growth occur
when birth rate = death rate
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differential calculus calculation to express population growth as growth rate at a particular instant in time
- dN/dt=rN
- r=reproductive
- n=population
- t=time
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examples of semelparity and iteroparity
active vs. passive seed dispersal
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the inverse relationship to brood size vs. care
- fewer size=better care
- larger size=less care
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example of low newborn success rate and parental care
sea turtles
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population increase under idealized conditions
and calculation
- exponential population growth
- dN/dt=rmaxN
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which growth results in a J-shape and what does it represent?
- exponential population growth
- rebounding of endangered populations
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