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What is a mutation?
Change in DNA sequence for any protein
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3 possible mutations
point, deletions, insertions
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What is the function of ribosomes
Ribosomes convert mRNA into amino acids in order to create proteins.
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What are enzymes made up of?
Amino acids
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Describe the process of a digestive emzyne
Enzymes have active sites that natch with certain molecules; the final product is the bonding or breaking apart of molecules
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What does milk contain?
Lactose sugar which is a carbohydrate
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Lactose
A disaccharide; made up of one glucose molecule and one galactose (both 6 sided sugars)
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What is & what does lactase do?
Lactase is a digestive enzyme found in the human intestine that breaks lactose down into galactose and glucose
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What is the difference between lactose & sucrose?
Lactose has one galactose molecule while sucrose has one fructose molecule; both have one glucose molecule though
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What effect does lactase have on lactose?
Lactose is broken down by lactase
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When is glucose present?
With milk and lactase
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1st step in creating a protein
transcription
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Where does transcription take place?
nucleus
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What are some functions of proteins in the body?
help make up cell structures, help fight disease
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3 steps for a gene to produce a functioning protein
transcription, transition, protein synthesis
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what is stored in the nucleus of each cell?
DNA
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What happens during transcription?
During transcription DNA is coped & travels to the cell's cytoplasm
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What is the job of the protein keratin?
Keratin makes up skin cell structures
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What is the job of RNA polymerase?
The RNA polymerase copies the double helix information
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What is this RNA strand called?
Keratin gene
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Where does the single-stranded molecule move to within the cell?
cytoplasm
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What is the job of the mRNA?
mRNA transports copied genetic info from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it's turned into protein
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Describe the process of translation
The process of translation is when an mRNA molecule's nucleotide sequence is converted into something that protein-making machinery can read
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Describe structure/ function of a ribosome
2 subunits makeup ribosomes (1 large & 1 small). Ribosomes are what convert the mRNA code into amino acid, amino acid makes up protein
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What are the subunits of proteins?
Amino acids
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How many sub units exist?
20
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Describe how a ribosome reads the mRNA molecule that was produced during transcription
Ribosomes read 3 of the mRNA molecule's nucleotides at a time. One set of 3 molecules (a.k.a. codon) equals one amino acid
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What important enzyme is present during transcription?
RNA polymerase is present, & it binds DNA & seperates it by 2 strands
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Purpose of DNA transcription
To create proteins for the body
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Genes
Info that codes for a specific trait
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3 differences between DNA & RNA
deoxyribose (DNA) vs ribose (RNA), DNA is double-stranded & RNA is single- stranded, DNA is T-A G-C while RNA is A-U, G-c, T-A
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Job of mRNA (messenger RNA)
copy DNA gene sequence
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transfer RNA
Carries amino acids to ribosome
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Define transcription
Copying DNA into RNA
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Describe the job of RNA polymerase during transcription
separate hydrogen bonds b/w dna bases to create mRNA
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What is a protein?
chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds
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What is the genetic code?
instructions found in the mRNA
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Define translation
decoding mRNA sequence into amino acid chains or polypeptide
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What are examples of proteins in our bodies?
keratin & collagen; muscles/ tendons; hemoglobin
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Point mutation
A change in any single nucleotide of a DNA sequence
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Deletions
The loss of one or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence
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Insertions
The addition of one or more extra nucleotides in a DNA sequence
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3 possible results from point mutation, deletion, or insertion
silent mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation
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Silent mutation
The mutation does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence. RESULT= Normal, fully functional protein
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Missense mutation
A mutation that causes one amino acid in the protein sequence to be changed to a different one. RESULT= Abnormal, partially or non-functioning protein
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Nonsense mutation
A mutation that results in a stop codon where there used to be a codon for an amino acid. This results in translation being stopped before the primary structure of the protein is complete. RESULT= No protein made
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