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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Sudden, life-threatening lung failure in which the alveoli inflame, fill with liquid and collapse, ceasing gas exchange & starving body of oxygen. Requires treatment with mechanical ventilation.
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Airway Resistance (Raw)
The resistance to ventilation caused by movement of gas through airway
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Chemical Name
indicates the STRUCTURE of the drug
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Group of progressive diseases that cause airflow blockage, and breathing-related problems. (Ex: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma)
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Code Name
name assigned by MANUFACTURER to a chemical that shows potential as a drug
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Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
is an inherited disease of your secretory glands, that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract.
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Generic Name
reflects the drug's chemical name but in shorter form.
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Official Name
name of drug used in U.S. Pharmacopeia
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Drug
any chemical that alters body and/or mind without any nutritional value
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Pharmacology
study of drugs, their origins, properties, and effects
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Pharmacy
the preparation and dispensing of drugs
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Pharmacognosy
identifying sources of drugs from plants & animals
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Pharmacogenetics
studies the relationship between genetics & drug effects
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Nonproprietary Name
non-trademarked name
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Therapeutics
art of treating disease with drugs
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Toxicology
study of toxic substances and their actions (Ex. antidote, poison control)
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Digitalis (Purple Foxglove flower)
drugs made from this are used to treat Arrhymias and CHF
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Process of Drug Approval in the U.S.
1. Chemical Isolation & Identification
find new chemical with potential for useful physiological effects
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Process of Drug Approval in the U.S.
2. Animal Studies
examines general effects on animal & specific organs; toxicology examines mutations & effects on fertility
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Process of Drug Approval in the U.S.
3. Investigational New Drug Approval (IND) [PART ONE]
application filed with the FDA including all info on chemical and plans for human studies
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Process of Drug Approval in the U.S.
3. Investigational New Drug Approval (IND) [PART TWO]
- 3 Phases of Human Studies
- i. small # of healthy subjects
- ii. small # of subjects with the disease
- iii. large, multicenter studies
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Process of Drug Approval in the U.S.
4. New Drug Application (NDA)
filed with FDA after successful IND. once approved, drug is released for general use and may be prescribed for treatment.
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Acetylcystine (Orphan Drug)
intravenous administration for acetaminophen overdose
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Survanta (Beractant)
prevention/treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in newborns
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Pulmozyme (Dornase Alfa)
treatment of cystic fibrosis, increase in airway secretion clearance
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INOmax (nitric oxide gas)
treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborns & acute respiratory distress in adults
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Orphan Drug
drug for the diagnosis or treatment of a rare disease
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Prescription
written order for a drug, including instructions for dispensing & taking the drug
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Six Parts of a Prescription
- 1. patient's name, address, & date
- 2. "Rx" (recipe/take thou) - superscription tells pharmacist to take drug listed and prepare medication
- 3. inscription lists names and quantity of drug being prescribed
- 4. subscription directions for how to prepare the medication
- 5. transcription or signature info on patient's med. label (instructions)
- 6. name of prescriber physician's name
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Over-The-Counter Drugs
available to the general population without a prescription
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Adrenergic Agents
- (B-Adrenergic) for relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle & bronchodilation, to improve flow in airway obstruction caused by COPD or asthma
- [Albuterol, (Ar)Formoterol, Isoetherine, Levalbuterol, Metaproterenol, Pirbuterol, Salmeterol]
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Anticholinergic Agents
(A-Adrenergic) for relaxation of induced bronchoconstriction, to improve flow rates in COPD or asthma patients
[Epinephrine, Ipotropium bromide, Tiotropium bromide]
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Mucoactive agents
mimics properties of mucus; lowers resistance and promotes clearance of secretions
[Acetylcysteine, Dornase alfa]
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Corticosteroids
to reduce and control airway inflammatory response
[Budesonide, Ciclesonide, Flunisolide]
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Antiasthmatic agents
prevents the onset & development of the asthmatic response
[Cromolyn sodium, Zafirlukast, Nedocromil sodium, Montelukast]
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