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What is a 'plate'?
A section of the earth's crust
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What is a plate margin?
The boundary where two plates meet
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What is the earth's crust?
The outer layer of the earth
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What is the mantle?
The dense mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust
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What is convection current?
The circular currents of heat in the mantle
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Is oceanic crust or Continental crust thicker?
Continental crust is thicker. The thickest point is around 65km thick.
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If two margins are pulling apart is that constructive or destructive?
That is a constructive margin.
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If two margins are pushing together is that a constructive or a destructive margin?
Destructive margin
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Name the six major tectonic plates on the earth
- Pacific plate
- North American plate
- South American plate
- African plate
- Eurasian plate
- Indo-Australian plate
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What are sub-marine explosions?
Volcanic eruptions that occur under the sea and will eventually build up to form islands eg Iceland
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What is a conservative plate margin?
- Two plates being forced to slide past each other.
- Earthquakes occur where the plates 'stick' and friction is built up until it is suddenly released
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What are fold mountains?
Large mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together
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What are ocean trenches?
Deep sections of the ocean, usually where an oceanic plate is sinking below the continental plate
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What is the MEDC case study for fold mountains?
The alps, which form a natural boundary between Italy and neighbouring countries (such as France)
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What is transhumance?
The act of taking livestock to higher pastures during the summer months (happens on the alps)
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Where can a destructive plate boundary be found?
Where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate
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Give an example of a conservative plate boundary
The San Andreas Fault in California
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Give an example of a constructive plate boundary
The mid Atlantic ridge between the North American and Eurasian plates
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How have the Himalayas been formed?
By the Indo-Australian plate colliding with the Eurasian plate.
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What is the case study for fold mountains in an LEDC?
- The Himalayas
- (as the specification says only one example is needed this one is the best one to use and should be used.)
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How many people live on the Himalayas?
At least 29 million (the mountains cover over 90% of Nepal)
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In which fold mountains can Mount Everest be found?
The Himalayas. The mountain itself is in Nepal, and the longest staying tourists travel there for Everest
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What percentage of Nepalese work is farming?
76%
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What are subsistence farmers?
Farmers who only grow enough to feed themselves and their family
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What things are needed in order to generate Hydroelectric power?
- Heavy rainfall
- A constant supply of water
- A dam
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What is magma?
Molten rock, gases and water held within a volcano
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What is lava?
Magma that has been emitted from a volcano and the superheated steam and gases have escaped
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What is a dike?
The vertical intrusion within a volcano other than the main vent
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What is a sill?
The horizontal intrusion of magma within a volcano
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Name four gases are released when a volcano explodes
- Water
- Carbon dioxide
- Sulphur dioxide
- Hydrogen chloride
- (These are just a few)
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What is a volcanic vent?
An opening allowing the passage of air
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What is an ash cloud?
The powdery residue top left after burning
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What is a volcano's flank?
The side of the volcano
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What is a volcanic crater?
The mouth of a volcano
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What is a volcanic summit?
The volcano's highest point
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What is a volcanic throat?
The entrance of a volcano
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Are shield volcanoes found at constructive or destructive plate margins?
Constructive (they rise up as the plates are pulled apart)
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Are composure cone volcanoes found at constructive or destructive plate margins?
Destructive (these volcanoes are a lot taller as the plates are pushing together)
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What are the characteristics of a composite cone volcano?
- Talk cone
- Narrow base
- Steep sides
- Irregular dormant periods
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Give an example of a composite cone volcano
Etna, Sicily
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What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?
- Wide base
- Gentle slopes
- Made of lava only
- Frequent eruptions
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Give an example of a shield volcano
Hekla in Iceland
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Is it composite or shield volcanoes that have more violent explosions?
Composite volcanoes have more violent explosions
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What factors effect the impact of a volcanic eruption?
- Population in nearby area
- How prepared people are for an eruption
- How aware people are that an explosion will happen
- Type of magma
- LEDC or MEDC
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What is the case study for a volcanic eruption?
Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic republic of Congo
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When did mount Nyiragongo explode?
January 17th 2002
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How many villages were destroyed when mount Nyiragongo exploded?
14
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Where are the majority of ocean wenches found?
Around the sides of the Pacific Ocean
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What physical factors make it difficult for people to live on fold mountains?
- Climate - the higher you go the colder and wetter it gets (more snow as well)
- Accessibly - no transport such as roads or railway, dangerous to travel because of frequent rock fall
- Relief - the land is high and steep, little flat land for farming or building settlements
- Soil - typically stony, thin and infertile
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What powers the movement of tectonic plates?
Heat from within the core of the earth
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What are super volcanoes?
Super volcanoes are much larger volcanoes which would have devastating global consequences if one were to erupt. The location of all super volcanoes is unknown.
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What do super-volcanoes cause?
- Depression of rock
- Rising magma contain gases which build up (causing land to be pushed up)
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What do tiltmeters do?
Identify small, subtle changes in landscape
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What do GPS systems do?
Use satellites to detect movement as little as 1mm
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How can photography be used to monitor volcanoes?
Cameras can be places on the edge of craters and photograph at regular intervals to see changes
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What do seismograms do?
Pick up movement in the ground
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What is an example of a super volcano?
- Yellowstone, USA
- Which last erupted 630,000 years ago
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What is a caldera?
The depression of the super volcano making the collapsed magma chamber
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What are fissures?
Extended openings along a line of weakness that allow magma to escape
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What is geothermal water?
Water that has been heated beneath the ground that comes to the surface in a variety of ways (such as steam)
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What is a geyser?
A geothermal fissure in which water erupts into the air under pressure
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In which hemisphere are super volcanos generally found in?
Northern
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