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Ganglion
A group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS (128)
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Neuroglia.
- Cells within PNS & CNS
- external to neurons
- form an essential part of nerve tissue
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Synapse.
The connecting point b/w nerve cells or b/w a nerve cell and a receptor or effector cell.
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Paraplegia
paralysis of the lower extremities and often the lower trunk of the body.
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Hemiparesis.
partial paralysis of one side of the body.
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Hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
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Myelin sheath.
a fatty white envelope of cells providing protection and electrical insulation to neurons.
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Endocardium
the inner surface of the heart
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Epicardium
the outer covering of the heart
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Pericardium
serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity (peri- = surrounding)
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Myocardium
- the heart muscle
- includes nerves and blood vessels
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Ischemia
deficiency in blood supply to the tissues
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Nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
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Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
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Ureteritis
inflammation of a ureter
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Urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
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Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
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Cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver
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Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
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Peristalsis.
wave-like muscular contractions that move food along in the digestive tract
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Eructation.
act of belching or burping gas up from the stomach
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Apnea.
absence of breathing
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Dyspnea
difficult breathing
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Bradypnea
abnormal slowness of respiration
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Tachypnea.
abnormal rapid respiration.
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Myoparesis
slight muscle paralysis
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sclerosis
abnormal hardening condition
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Atheroma
a plaque of fatty tissue (p. 190)
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necrosis
localized tissue death
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Fundus
part of the stomach lying above the cardia notch (265)
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Base
word used to describe the bottom of each lung (238)
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Apex
word used to describe the upper tip of each lung (238)
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Normal apical pulse for a teenager.
- Irregular rhythm
- Speeds upon inspiration
- Slows on expiration
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What is a thrill?
a palpable vibration
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Nine modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
- Abnormal lipids
- smoking
- hypertension
- DM
- reg physical activity
- abdominal obesity
- psychosocial factors
- eating fruits & veggies
- alcohol
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Which valve closures are louder at base of heart?
S2 (semilunar) is louder than S1 (AV valve, carotid artery pulse)
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How is blood returned to the heart (venous BF)?
- skeletal muscles contract & milk it back
- breathing causes a pressure gradient (inspiration decreases thoracic pressure & increases abdominal pressure)
- intraluminal valves ensure unidirectional flow
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Normal PV changes in aging adults.
- Peripheral BV more rigid (arteriosclerosis) = increase in systolic BP
- enlargement of intramuscular calf veins
- immobility, HF = risk DVT & pulm embolism
- less lymph nodes due to loss of lymph tissue
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What is a modified Allen test used for?
to evaluate adequacy of collateral circulation before cannulating the radial artery
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Structural scoliosis.
- FIXED
- curvature shows when standing & bending fwd
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Functional scoliosis.
- FLEXIBLE
- apparent when standing
- disappears w/ fwd bending
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Herniated nucleus pulposus.
nucleus pulposus (ctr of intervertebral disk) ruptures into spinal canal & puts pressure on the local spinal nerve root
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What causes sciatic pain with herniated nucleus pulposus?
straight leg raises
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Dislocated hip.
head of femur is displaced out of cup-shaped acetabulum
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What causes decreased ht as we age?
- shortening of vertebral column caused by
- loss of water content & thinning of intervertebral disks, and
- osteoporosis (decrease in ht of individual vertebrae)
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Crepitation.
- audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement
- occurs when articular surfaces in joints are roughened (RA)
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Loss of bone MATRIX
Osteoporosis
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Lordosis.
Inward curvature of spine
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Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of thoracic & lumbar, usually with some rotation
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Kyphosis.
Curving of spine that causes rounding of back (hunchback)
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Ankylosis
- stiffness or fixation of a joint
- due to abnormal adhesion s& rigidity of bones at the joing
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Where are the liver, duodenum, & gallbladder located?
RUQ
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Where is the sigmoid colon located?
LLQ
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Changes in GI system of aging adult.
- decrease in gastric acid secretion
- -increased risk of pernicious anemia
- -iron deficiency anemia
- -malabsorption of Ca++
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What to ask about discharge (vaginal)?
- color (white, yellow-grn, gray)
- smell
- character (curd-like?)
- associated w/ itching, rash, pain w/ sex?
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What causes thick, white, curdlike discharge?
Candiasis (Moniliasis): intense pruritis
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Severe perineal itching, excoriations & erythematous areas, usually localized in pubic hair.
Pediculosis Pubis (crab lice)
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Red rash, primary lesion is red, swollen vesicles, then may have weeping of lesions, crusts, scales, thickening of skin, excoriations from scratching.
Contact Dermatitis
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Painless warty growths, may be unnoticed by woman. Pink/flesh colored, soft, pointed, moist, warty papules.
HPV (genital warts)
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Single or multiple cauliflower-like patch around vulva, introitus, anus, vagina, cervix.
HPV (genital warts)
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Clusters of small, shallow vesicles with surrounding erythema that erupt on genitals & inner thighs.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
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Clusters of vesicles accompanied by episodes of local pain, dysuria, & fever (inguinal adenopathy, edema).
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
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Length of infection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2.
- Initial = 1-7 days
- Recurrent = 3-10 days w/ milder symptoms
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Gravida.
number of PREGNANCIES
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Why do the changes in menopause occur?
generally b/c cells in reproductive tract are estrogen dependent
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What causes anal pain with BM?
hemorrhoids (swollen tissue sticks out from anus)
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S/S of fecal impaction.
- constipation or diarrhea
- abdominal cramping & bloating
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An abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane
polyp
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Intense perianal itching manifested by red, raised, thickened, excoriated skin around the anus.
Pururitis Ani
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Dry & brittle around anus; swollen & moist with intense itching.
Pruritis ani
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A fecal impaction is a collection of hard, desiccated feces in the rectum which often results from decreased ______ where _______ is reabsorbed from the stool
- bowel motility
- increased water
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Epispadias.
Meatus opens on dorsal (upper) side of glans or shaft above a broad, spade-like penis.
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_______ is associated with urinary incontinence and pubic bone separation.
epispadias
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Common symptoms of urethral stricture.
gradual decrease in force of urine
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Phimosis.
- Nonretractable foreskin
- forms pointy tip with tiny oraface
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Urethral stricture.
- abnormal narrowing of urethra
- pinpoint, constricted opening at meatus or inside along urethra
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Hypospadias.
- Urethral meatus opens on ventral (under) side of glans, shaft, or at penoscrotal junction.
- CONGENITAL
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Groove from meatus to normal location at tip of penis.
hypospadias
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Bowel sac herniates through internal inguinal ring, can remain in canal or pass into scrotum.
Indirect inguinal
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Type of hernia in which there is pain with straining.
Indirect Inguinal
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Type of hernia that is usually painless.
Direct Inguinal
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Type of hernia that is behind and through the EXTERNAL inguinal ring.
Direct Inguinal
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Type of hernia which rarely enters the scrotum.
Direct Inguinal
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Type of hernia in which pain may be SEVERE.
femoral
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Type of hernia which is usually on the right side.
femoral
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Some normal neurological changes of aging.
- inability to identify vibrations at the ankle or
- position of big toe
- slower more deliberate gait
- slightly impaired tactile sensation
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Dizziness.
Lightheadedness AND vertigo
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Vertigo.
A whirling or spinning movement
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Sequence for neurologic exam.
- mental status
- craial nerves
- motor system
- sensory system
- reflexes
- (position person sitting up w/ head @ eye level)
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Components of Neurologic recheck exam.
- LOC
- motor fxn
- pupillary response
- vital signs
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3 behaviors rated on GCS.
- eye opening
- verbal response
- motor response
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Perform this on people who have neurologic deficits & require periodic assessments.
neurologic recheck exam
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