anesthetic equipment

  1. oxygen concentrator
    Pull oxygen from air.  Less volume, for lower need only.
  2. bulk oxygen tank
    for large hospitals (humans) only
  3. compressed gas cylinder
    • tanks containing oxygen in the form of compressed gas.  E tank, G tank, H tank.  
    • cylinders are green in US, white in Canada
  4. E tank
    • compressed oxygen cylinder
    • 660 L
    • attaches to anesthesia machine, small tank.  Store only on yoke, secure to specifically designed cart or chain to wall
    • Securely attached so can't fall or roll
  5. G tank
    • compressed oxygen cylinder
    • 5,531 L
    • uncommon
  6. H tank
    • compressed oxygen cylinder
    • 6,900 to 7,000 L (more than 10x E tank)
    • connected directly or through drop line to anesthesia machine.
  7. pressure gauge
    • attached to cylinder, indicates O2 pressure in tank when valve is open. 
    • Full cylinder is 2,000 to 2,200 psi when full (in ANY tank)
    • Gauge reads 0 when gas line bled off
    • in the red when 500 or below, consider a new tank
  8. pressure regulator
    • aka pressure reducing valve
    • Reduces O2 pressure from 2,200 psi to 40-50 psi
    • High pressure line going in, low pressure line coming out (STILL TOO HIGH FOR P)
  9. Risks of oxygen cylinders
    • combustion (keep away from flame/spark/outlet--orthopedic drills are battery or pneumonic)
    • Pressure without regulator can tear skin off
    • if dropped and regulator falls off, becomes a missile.  SECURE ATTACHMENT
  10. Nitrous oxide cylinders
    • E, G, H tanks, hold greater volume
    • Blue in US and Canada
    • Exists as both liquid and gas in tank, so pressure gauge only shows when tank close to empty
    • Determined by weight, weigh to see how much you have left (8 kg full, 5.9 kg empty)
  11. Color code of compressed gas tanks (green, blue, black, grey, yellow)
    • green - Oxygen
    • blue - Nitrous Oxide
    • black - nitrogen
    • grey - carbon dioxide
    • yellow - air (black and white in Canada)
  12. oxygen wall outlet
    • opening a different size for each gas, only allows connetion to that particular line.
    • Diameter-Indexed Safety System
  13. Diameter-Indexed Safety System
    Gas lines and outlets are color coded and have diameter specific to each gas.
  14. Image Upload 2
    • A - yoke (attaches cylinders to anesthesia machine)
    • B - wing nut
    • C - outlet valve
    • D - outlet port
    • E - pin index safety system holes
    • F - nipple yoke
    • G - pin index safety system pins
    • H - nylon washer
  15. Pin Index Safety System
    • tank attached to anesthetic machine by yoke to pin index safety system
    • different pins for each type of gas, must match holes in cylinder outlet
    • Like DISS
  16. flowmeter and how to read
    • sets gas rate in liters per minute delivered to patient (0-4L/min)
    • Reduces pressure from 45-50 to 15 psi, safe for P, carries iso/sevo to P
    • gas enters at bottom and exits at top
    • read at center of ball or top of other float
    • needle valve
  17. vaporizer outside circle (VOC) (diagram)
    Image Upload 4
  18. Advantages of anesthetic agents
    • relatively rapid, precise adjustment of anesthetic depth
    • intubation ensures P airway
    • continuous O2 supply
    • can continue longer (most IV cannot be given repeatedly)
  19. vaporizer
    • part of anesthesia machine that vaporizes liquid anesthetic and mixes with O2 for delivery to lungs
    • vaporizer SPECIFIC to particular anesthetic agent
  20. Color code for vaporizers
    • yellow - sevoflurane
    • purple - isoflurane
    • blue - desflurane (mostly human, delicate vaporizer)
    • red - halothane (rarely used)
  21. vapor pressure
    • a measure of the amount of liquid anesthetic that will evaporate at 20 degrees C/68 degrees F.  
    • higher vapor pressure = more O2 gets saturated = more anesthetic gas to P.
    • iso, sevo and halothane have high vapor pressures, need precision vaporizers
  22. vaporizer schematic (diagram)
    • Image Upload 6 Image Upload 8
    • 33% vapor pressure, A is 33% iso, MUST mix with O2 and dilute.
  23. desflurane vaporizer
    • very expensive electronic, heated vaporizer.  Rare in veterinary medicine.  Temperature and humidity control required.
    • Image Upload 10
  24. saturated vapor pressure of halo, iso, sevo, des at 20 degrees C and 24 degrees C
    • iso at 20C 33%
    • iso at 24C 38%
    • sevo at 20C 21%
    • sevo at 24C 24%
    • desflurane at 20C 87%
    • halo at 20C 32%
    • halo at 24C 38%
  25. blood:gas coefficient
    • lower anesthetic solubility in blood = easier saturated with anesthetic molecules = faster in and out.  
    • Low solubility = faster in and out
  26. blood gas partition coefficient
    • lower anesthetic solubility in blood = easier saturated with anesthetic molecules = faster in and out.  
    • Low solubility = faster in and out
    • Nitrous is fastest
  27. Most important factor in speed of induction and recovery
    inhalational agent solubility (blood:gas solubility coefficient)
  28. Blood:gas solubility coefficients of halo, iso, sevo, nitrous
    • halothane: 2.4 (slowest)
    • isoflurane: 1.4
    • sevoflurane: 0.7
    • nitrous oxide: 0.47 (fastest)
  29. precision vaporizers
    • convert volatile liquid anesthetic to gas, exactly calibrated for each type of gas (halo, iso, sevo)
    • must have indicator windo to tell how much anesthetic is inside.  Clean before refilling
  30. danger of tipping vaporizer
    increased concentration of anesthetic gas, spills into diluent space
  31. 2 types of filling for vaporizers
    key and funnel.  Key is newer, minimizes contamination into atmosphere
  32. halothane vaporizer maintenance
    must be drained, every 6 months, to remove thymol preservative residue
  33. inhalation and exhalation flutter valve diagram
    Image Upload 12
  34. Fresh gas outlet
    where gas comes out of vaporizer (where we change systems)
  35. Fresh gas inlet
    where fresh gas enters breathing circuit
  36. inhalation flutter valve
    • connects inspiratory hose to machine
    • Allows gas to flow only to patient
  37. exhalation flutter valve
    • connects expiratory hose to machine
    • Prevents expired gas from returning to patient before passing through CO2 absorbant
  38. oxygen flush valve
    • between regulator and flow meter, so delivers oxygen at 30-60 L/min.  1 L of O2 glows into breathing circuit for every second that the button is held down.  
    • For flushing anesthetic gas out of system.  NEVER when patient is connected
  39. nonrebreathing system (diagram)
    Image Upload 14
  40. pop-off valve
    • aka adjustable pressure limiting valve or pressure release valve
    • controls amount of gas ventilated into scavenger system
    • PREVENTS BUILD UP OF PRESSURE.  Can rupture alveoli, animal can't breathe out.  For PPV.  MUST BE OPEN when animal is connected.
    • High pressure alarms at 20cm H2O
  41. Rebreathing bag
    • aka reservoir bag
    • Fills as gas enters circuit, deflates on inspiration
    • allows observation of repiration depth and frequency. 3/4 full
    • allows manual ventilation
    • capacity 6 times tidal volume (min 60mL/kg)
  42. tidal volume
    • volume of air inspired in normal quiet inspiration.  Should be equal to amount breathed out.  
    • 10-15ml/kg
  43. reservoir bag formula
    • 6 x tidal volume (10-15mL/kg), 60mL/kg MIN
    • 6 x (20kg x 60mL/kg) = 1800mL ~ 2000mL ~ 2L
  44. CO2 absorber
    • contains soda lime granules
    • exothermic reaction generates heat and water (should be warm if working). Change when blue/not crumbly after 6-12h of use, clean trap weekly.
  45. 4 ways to tell in CO2 absorber granules are exhausted
    • 1. granules hard, not crumbly
    • 2. not warm when in use
    • 3. turn violet or blue (temporary)
    • 4. capnography
  46. 2 kinds of CO2 absorber canisters
    • linear flow - flows from top to bottom or bottom to top. Some take prefilled canisters
    • reverse soda lime canisters - gas enters and leaves from top.  Baffle/tube in center must be covered. Doesn't take prefilled canisters
  47. pressure manometer
    • measures gas pressure in breathing circuit = pressure in P's lungs.  
    • measured in cmH2O or mmH2O.  
    • SHOULD BE AT 0cm H2O when breathing spontaneously.  Pressure may be closed popoff valve or too high O2 rate (NOT ET TUBE)
  48. Vaporizer in circle (VIC) diagram
    • Image Upload 16
    • old fashioned, dangerous.
  49. 4 types of anesthetic breathing systems
    • 1. Closed (total rebreathing) - popoff valve closed
    • 2. semi-closed (partial rebreathing system) - MOST COMMON for >7kg
    • 3. semi-open (nonrebreathing system) - MOST COMMON for <7kg
    • 4. open system - mask or chamber induction
  50. rebreathing system
    patient rebreathes expired air with CO2 removed and fresh gas continuously added
  51. closed system
    • bad idea.
    • pop-off valve kept closed
    • recirculates all expired gas except CO2
    • FRESH O2 MUST EQUAL O2 CONSUMPTION
    • helps save heat/humidity
  52. semi-closed system
    • partial rebreathing system, most common for P >7kg (smaller P can't open valve, weight drags on ET tube)
    • Fresh gas and O2, exceed metabolic need, helps preserve heat/moisture
    • pop-off open
    • some dilution from expired air
  53. semi-open system
    • non-rebreathing system, bypasses flutter valves, monometer, CO2 absorber, rebreathing bag.  
    • HIGH O2 FLOW RATE TO PREVENT REBREATHING (2-3 x minute ventilation), no dilution
    • patients <7kg
    • Fresh gas straight from vaporizer to to animal
  54. minute ventilation
    • tidal volume x respiratory rate
    • non-rebreathing system runs O2 at 2-3 times minute ventilation (500-1000 ml/kg/min)
  55. advantages of non-rebreathing system
    • decreased resistance to breathing compared with rebreathers
    • decreased dead space
    • decreased drag on ET tube
    • more immediate response to changes in vaporizer settings (rebreathers slower due to dilution)
  56. disadvantages of non-rebreathing system
    • potential for rebreathing CO2 if rate is too low
    • loss of heat and water from patient
    • increased atmospheric pollution in scavenger inadequate
  57. types of non-rebreating systems
    • Bickford
    • Bain (fresh gas inhalation inside exhalation tube for heat retention)
    • Ayers
    • Mapleson (Magill)
    • T-piece
  58. scavenger
    • removes waste anesthetic gasses from breathing circuit, decreases environmental contamination
    • active or passive systems
    • waste gas vented outdoors, check daily.
  59. active scavenger system
    • fan or vacuum pump draws waste gas into scavenger
    • turn on daily
    • suction can't be too strong, draws gasses from breathing circuit
  60. passive scavenger system
    • positive pressure of waste gas in breathing circuit drives gas into scavenger
    • f/air canister (activated charcoal canister)
  61. Activated charcoal canister
    • F/air-type filters.  Passive scavenger system.
    • positive pressure of waste gasses in breathing circuit pushing through canister
    • 12-15 hours of use or weight gain of 50 grams. Some seem to leak 5ppm before.
    • inefficient higher than 2L/min
    • NOT FOR NITROUS OXIDE
    • can't let holes in bottom get blocked
  62. NIOSH recommendations for anesthetic gasses
    • No worker should be exposed to more than 2ppm on a time-weighted average
    • Once you can smell iso it's probably at 33ppm
  63. WAG badges
    Waste anesthetic gas exposure badges.
  64. Places where high pressure leaks can occur
    where there is high pressure: between tank and flowmeter, DISS connectors on central lines, yoke connections, pressure regulators or pressure gauges.
  65. how to check high pressure leaks
    • flowmeter at 0, turn on gas tank, note tank pressure reading.  Turn tank off.  After one hour, tank pressure should not have changed.  
    • Can spray 10% detergent on connections and look for bubbles
  66. where low pressure leaks can occur and how to check
    • in rebreathing systems, between flowmeter and patient. 
    • Close pop-off valve, occlude Y-piece with thumb, turn on flowmeter to 0.2L/min, fill reservoir bag with flush to 30 cmH2O, turn off, should not decrease more than 5 cmH2O in 10 sec.  open pop-off
    • LEAKS OF 0.2 L/MIN OKAY
  67. Inner tube leak test
    Occlude end, set O2 at 1-2 L/min, float in flowmeter should fall.
  68. induction chambers
    • open system
    • used for feral or vicious
    • 2 ports, fresh gas source and waste gas exit
  69. mask/chamber disadvantages
    • no airway control, can hold breath, can't tell when CO2 levels increase.
    • Not for C-section
    • increased dead space, no control over gas concentration
    • struggling and stress
    • prolonged stage II, increased catecholamine release
    • increased risk regurg/vom and aspiration
    • increased risk to staff
    • iso: 8-9 min induction.  sevo: dogs 6 min, cats 7 min
  70. 2 kinds of dead space
    mechanical and physiological
  71. advantages of ET intubation
    • reduces anatomical dead space
    • reduces exposure to OR staff of waste gas
    • decrease risk of aspiration
    • maintains airway
    • allows assisted or controlled ventilation
  72. types of ET tubes
    • murphy - has "eye"
    • magill - no "eye"
    • Cole - no eye, exotics, straight
    • red rubber tube
  73. Image Upload 18
    • A. valve with syringe attached
    • B. Pilot balloon
    • C. Patient end
    • D. Connector
    • E. Tie
    • F. Measurement of length from patient end in cm
    • G. Measurement of internal diameter in mm
    • H. Inflated cuff
    • I. patient end
    • J. Murphy eye
  74. Laryngoscope blades (2)
    • Miller - straight
    • McIntosh - curved
  75. ET placement
    • tip in cervical trachea near thoracic inlet
    • connector end as close to incisors as possible
  76. Factors that increase resistance to respiration
    • Excessively long ET tube
    • narrow diameter ET tube
  77. complications of intubation
    • overinflation or overly aggressive intubation can cause inflammation, pressure necrosis or tracheal rupture
    • rough intubation causes vagal stimulation (bradycardia), damage recurrent laryngeal nerve (laryngeal paralysis), laryngospasm in cats
    • traumatize soft palate, pharynx or larynx
  78. extubation
    • when swallowing reflex returns
    • keep in as long as possible in brachycephalic
    • monitor for chewing
  79. advantages of inhalant anesthetic agents
    • allows adjustment of anesthetic depth
    • rapid recovery
    • intubation ensures airway
    • control of O2
    • longer term - most IV can only be given once
  80. MAC50
    • minimum alveolar concentration
    • standard measure of potency
    • percentage of anesthetic gas in mix with O2--no movement in response to painful stimulus in 50% of animals tested
    • automotive, hormonal and nocioceptive response still active (EPI, NOREPI, PAIN, CORTISOL)
  81. balanced anesthesia
    administration of smaller amounts of different drugs to provide unconsciousness, no movement, no autonomic, hormonal or nocioceptive response
  82. MAC50 values
    • sevo dog: 2.36   cat 2.58
    • iso dog: 1.2-1.3   cat 1.6
    • halo dog: 0.87   cat 1.14

    • Light anesthesia: 1 x MAC50
    • surgical anesthesia: 1.5 x MAC50
    • deep anesthesia: 2 x MAC50
  83. Factors increasing MAC
    • young age
    • hyperthermia
    • hyperthyroidism 

    increase metabolism, need more inhalant
  84. factors decreasing MAC
    • drugs that depress CNS (why we give induction drugs)
    • old age
    • hypothermia
    • pregnancy (breathe faster)
  85. nitrous oxide
    • no vaporizer necessary
    • can't produce MAC50 with nitrous alone
    • risk of hypoxia (need at least 33% O2/>300mL/min - 1/3 O2)
    • 5-10 min O2 after to avoid diffusion hypoxia
    • diffuses into air pockets (like GDV, sinuses, anything blocked)
  86. contraindications of nitrous oxide
    • intestinal obstruction
    • GDV
    • surgery into hollow organs
    • pneumothorax
    • blocked nasal sinuses
    • diaphragmatic hernia
    • Nitrous diffuses into air pockets in the body, causing distension
  87. isofluorane
    • vasodilation
    • doesn't sensitize heart to catecholamines
    • dose-dependant respiratory depression (pungent and irritating to airways)
    • good muscle relaxation
    • >99% excreted unchanged by lungs (good for liver-compromised)
  88. sevofluorane
    • slightly faster induction, recovery, response to changes in vaporizer than iso (lower blood:gas solubility coefficient)
    • dose-dependant respiratory depression
    • doesn't sensitize heart to catecholamines
    • not pungent or irritating to airway
    • emergence phenomena in cats
    • nephrotoxic metabolites (SODA LIME MUST BE FRESH, min O2 rate of 1L/min)
  89. neuromuscular blocking agents
    • facilitates mechanical ventilation in small animals
    • complete skeletal muscle relaxation (flaccid paralysis)
    • depolarizing agents: succinylcholine (no reversal)
    • non-depolarizing agents: pancuronium, vercuronium (reversed with anticholinesterase like edrophonium)
    • complete skeletal muscle paralysis (requirement for mechanical ventilation, respiratory arrest)
    • no anesthesia or analgesia--WATCH FOR PAIN
  90. clean ET tubes with
    • dilute detergent
    • tracheal mucosal injury, esp in cats, caused by glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide, chlorhexidine, (para)formaldehyde, trigene
  91. causes of tracheal mucosal injury associated with ET tubes
    • failure to rinse detergent or clean tube
    • lubricating ointment
    • movement within airway
    • twisting tube around
Author
XQWCat
ID
270128
Card Set
anesthetic equipment
Description
anesthetic equipment
Updated