Anatomy and Physiology Test 4

absorptive cells, goblet cells, glands, paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells

controls biota

in mucosa, secrete alkaline mucus. only exist in doudenum

circular folds, ridges (cause chyme to spiral and increase surface area)

finger-like projections that contain arterioles, venules, capillaries, lacteals

projections from cells, something about enzymes

only in ileum, produce intestinal juices

secretes enzymes, most digestion due to these enzymes

myenteric plexus

carbs, by pancreatic amylase, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

absorb water, expel feces

cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, ileocecal sphincter, internal and external anal sphincter

absorptive and has goblet cells

longitudinal muscle modified to form teniae coli

pouches

bacteria derment carbs, produce some b & K vitamins

produces digestive juice for small intestine

enters in duodeum at hepatopancreatic ampulla, contolled by sphincter of oddi

acini, exocrine

islets of langerhans, endocrine, secrete hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide

water, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes, pancreatic amylase, proteolytic enzymes, pnacreatic lipase, ribonuclease, and deoxyribosenuclease

largest and heaviest gland

secrete bile that emulsifies fat

spaces between hepatocytes that transport bile onto small bile ducts in portal canal

highly permeable blood capillaries receiving oxygenated blood from hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood rich in nutrients from hepatic portal vein

macrophages that eat dead RBCs

bile production, lipid metabolism, cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, plasma protein synthesis, vitamin storage, degradtion of hormones, detoxification of drugs and toxins, filtration of blood

central vein, hepatic sinusoids

gastric veins, splenic veins, pancreatic veins, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein

about 1L secreted a day

derived from hemaglobin, elevated amounts cause jaundice

inflammation of liver, caused by hepatitis A, B, and C.Can lead to liver damamge and cancer

liver becomes fatty and eventually replaced by fibrous scar tissue. alcoholics, obese are at risk. can lead to liver failure, where liver cannot regenerate fast enough

stores and concentrates bile, smooth muscle, absorbs water and ions

hormone that regulates hormone production

allows bile to enter duodenum

stimulates secretion of enzymes and buffers from pancreas

regulate blood pH, volume, pressure, osmolarity, glucose level, hormones renin and erythropoetin, and excretion of waste.

kidneys are this: outside of pelvic cavity

tip of renal pyramid

cortex->medulla->cortex->down tubule->into pelvis->out ureter

space around renal pelvis

L & R renal arteries

segmented->interlobar->arcuate->interlobular->afferent arterioles

afferent arteriole

afferent arterioles, which reunite to form efferent arteriole

vasomotor

• glomerule filtration
• tubular re absorption
• tubular secretion

hormone that eventually controls blood pressure

• microscopic functional unit
• loop of henle

• filters blood plasma, found in cortex
• contains glomerular capsule

• majority of nephrons
• short loops of henle
• extend into outer region of medulla

stimulate renin hormone production

• visceral layer: has podocytes
• parietal layer
• mesangia cells
• bowman's capsule

space where urine first appears

• in between afferent and efferent arterioles
• epithelial cells
• part of ascending loop of henle

• fluid that enters capsular space
• 99% returned to blood plasma

• permits filtration of water and small solutes
• prevents proteins, blood cells and platelets from crossing

• 1. glomerular fenestrations
• 2. fusal basal lamina of endothelium and podocytes
• 3. pedicels of podocytes create filtration slits with slit diaphragms

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - capsular hydrostatic pressure - blood colloid osmotic presssure

amount of filtrate formed each minute

• cells have microvilli that create brush border
• largest amount of water and solute re absorption

major site where parathyroid hormone stimulates re absorption of Ca+

• in collection ducts
• receptors for antidiruretic hormone and aldosterone
• reabsorb Na+, secrete K+

• in collection ducts
• role in blood pH
• reabsorb K+ and HCO3- and secrete H+

H2O

Na+

pressure, volume, pressure, arterioles, glomerulus, juxtamedullar, renin

• renin-->angiotensinogen (plasma protein)
• ----------V-------------
• angiotensin I <-- angiotensis converting enzyme
• ----------V------------------
• angiotensin II

• vasoconstrict afferent arterioles: decrease filtration
• sitmulates production of aldosterone: enhances reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

• prevents reabsorption of water
• suppresses secretion of ADH

no ADH

movement of water and solutes between loop of henle and blood

results from catabolism and deamination of amino acids

catabolism of creatine phosphate in skel foundation

inhibit Na+ symporters

inhibit Na+ symporters in collecting duct

continusous dialysis, kidney replacment

2/3

1/3

measure concentrations of ions in body fluids

• most abundant mineral
• prathyroid and calcitonin
• blood clotting, neurotransmitter

cofactor for some enzymes

anion, travels w/ sodium

buffer

• bones, teeth, ATP, nucleic acids
• parathyroid and calcitrol

• shallow respiration
• changes in elctrocardiogram
• flattening of T wave

• weakness
• ventricular fibrillation

acid-base

bind to H+, can also release it again

does not functionwell in respiratory dieases

respiratory compensation

• too much CO2
• to reverse: kidneys raise blood pH by eliminating H+

• not enough CO2
• to reverse: breath into bag

• low HCO3-
• to reverse: hyperventilate

• to much HCO3-
• to reverse: hypoventilation