Prokaryotes (usually single celled organisms such as bacteria) do not have an organized nucleus. Their DNA is kind of floating around the cell. It's clumped up, but not inside of a nucleus.
The volume of a cell
E. Increases with the cube of the diameter
Which of the following cannot be seen with a light microscope?
E. Virus
A phospholipid contains
E. One phosphate group, two hydrophobic tails
Most molecules pass the cell membrane via
D. Transport proteins
The term "fluid mosaic" describes the
A. Plasma membrane
What is not true of prokaryotic cells?
C. They lack a cell wall.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, but rather have DNA "clumped' up. Examples are bacteria and Archaea (microorganisms that are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity
of structure but radically different in molecular organization) and they lack internal membrane-bound organelles. They DO, however, have cell walls.
Which is found in all prokaryotes?
E. Plasma membrane
Biofilms do not include
B. All these are found in biofilms.
A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance.
Which of the following is not true of eukaryotes?
A. They lack a nucleus.
A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures enclosed within membranes.
Many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes, such as protozoa. All multicellular organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi.
Protists are a large and diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms, which belong to the kingdom Protista.
Which of these are not part of the endomembrane system?
A. Mitochondria
The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is a eukaryotic organelle that specializes in making ATP by aerobic respiration.
Which of the following is not a structural molecule of the cytoskeleton?
A. Motor proteins.
Between the nucleus and plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells is a system of interconnected protein filaments collectively called the cytoskeleton. Elements of the cytoskeleton reinforce, organize, and move cell structures, and often the whole cell. Some of these elements are always present. Others form only at certain times.
Movement of materials from cell to cell is facilitated by
B. Plasmodesmata and gap junctions
Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels which traverse the cell
walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and
communication between them.
Gap junctions are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining
animal cells, thus permitting water, ions, and small molecules to pass
directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another.
Which are not examples of an extracellular matrix component?
D. All these can be in the extracellular matrix.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the extracellular part of multicellular structure (e.g., organisms, tissues, biofilms) that typically provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
Which of the following is not true of living organisms?
E. They exclusively possess organic molecules.
Living organisms possess many inorganic molecules, water being the most abundant.
For something to be considered alive, how many of the six properties of living things must it have?
C. Six
Living things are made of cells.
Living things obtain and use energy.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things reproduce.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things adapt to their environment.
Raw beef trimmings, sprayed with ammonia and ground to a paste, are never found in
E. This product is found in all of these.
E. coli can be killed by
D. Cooking food
Despite the diversity of cell type and function, all cells have these three things in common:
A. cytoplasm, DNA, and a plasma membrane
Every cell is descended from another cell. This idea is part of _____.
C. cell theory
The surface-to-volume ratio ____.
C. constrains cell size
Some protists start out life with no nucleus.
False
True
False
Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells ____.
D. have no nucleus
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.
Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution.
Cell membranes consist mainly of ___ and ____.
D. phospholipids; proteins
Most membrane functions are carried out by ____.
A. proteins
Which of the following statements is correct?
C. Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.
Mitochondrion are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells (the cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many other forms of life). These structures are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
In a lipid bilayer, the ____ of all the lipid molecules are sandwiched between all of the ____.
C. hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic heads
The lipid bilayer is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells. The hydrophobic tails are internal to the bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing outward in both directions.
The main function of the endomembrane system is ____.
B. building and modifying proteins and lipids
The endomembrane system:
* Creates/synthesize proteins (nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum)
* Sends out molecules to different parts of the cell (Golgi Apparatus and vesicles)
* Renews organelles of cells by decomposition, materials are sent out to remake the organelle (Lysosomes)
* Decomposition of "food" retrieved from phagocytosis. (Lysosome)
* Storage units (Vacuoles)
Enzymes contained in ____ break down worn-out organelles, bacteria, and other particles.
C. lysosomes
Lysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles and engulfed bacteria or viruses.
Put the following structures in order according to the pathway of a secreted protein:
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi bodies
c. plasma membrane
d. post-Golgi vesicles
endoplasmic reticulumb
Golgi bodiesc
post-Golgi vesicles
plasma membraned
No animal cell has a ____.
B. cell wall
Animals don't have cell walls. If we did, we would be much more rigid and we would probably lose our ability to move around.
Plants have cell walls. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Many single celled organisms have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
____ connect the cytoplasm of plant cells.
D. Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and
communication between them.
Mitosis and cytoplasmic division function in ____.
E. asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes AND growth and tissue repair in multicelled species
A cell with two of each type of chromosome has a(n) chromosome number.
D. diploid
A diploid containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
A haploid has a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
A tetraploid contains four homologous sets of chromosomes.
How many chromatids does a duplicated chromosome have?
B. two
A chromatid is each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
____ maintains the chromosome number; ____ halves it.
a. mitosis; meiosis
b. meiosis; mitosis
a. mitosis; meiosis
Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Except for a pairing of sex chromosomes, homologous chromosomes ____.
C. all of these
A homologous chromosome is a set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis.
Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when ____.
D. a cell grows and duplicates its DNA
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes
including preparation for cell division.
After mitosis, the chromosome number of the two new cells is ____ the parent cell's.
C. the same as
Only ___ is not a stage of mitosis.
B. interphase
Before a dividing cell enters mitosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase.
The main evolutionary advantage of sexual over asexual reproduction is that it produces .
A. more variation among offspring
Alternative forms of the same gene are ____.
C. alleles
An allele, or allel, is one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus. It is the alternative form of a gene for a character producing different effects.
Meiosis functions in ____.
A. sexual reproduction in plants and animals
Crossing over mixes up ____.
C. alleles
"Crossing over" is the process that occurs during meiosis wherein two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material.
Sexual reproduction in animals requires ____.
A. meiosis AND fertilization
Stage of mitosis: sister chromatids move apart
D. Anaphase
Sister chromatids are generated when a single chromosome is replicated into two copies of itself, these copies being called sister chromatids.
In anaphase, the paired chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate and begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Spindle fibers not connected to chromatids lengthen and elongate the cell. At the end of anaphase, each pole contains a complete compilation of chromosomes.
Stage of mitosis: chromosomes start to condense
C. Prophase
In prophase, the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down and spindles form at opposite "poles" of the cell. Many consider prophase (versus interphase) to be the first true step of the mitotic process.
Stage of mitosis: all chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell.
B. Metaphase
In metaphase, the spindle fully develops and the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (a plane that is equally distant from the two spindle poles).
Stage of mitosis: new nuclei form
A. Telophase
In telophase, the chromosomes are cordoned off into distinct new nuclei in the emerging daughter cells.
First cell of new individual
I. Zygote
Haploid
C. Gamete
A haploid is a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
A gamete is a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually.
Produces the spindle
F. Centriole pair
Centrosomes are associated with the nuclear membrane during prophase of the cell cycle. In mitosis the nuclear membrane breaks down and the centrosome nucleated microtubules (parts of the cytoskeleton) can interact with the chromosomes to build the mitotic spindle.
Migrating, metastatic cells
A. Cancer
Metastasis, or metastatic disease, is the spread of a cancer from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part.
Made of microfilaments
D. Contractile ring
The equatorial ring of microfilaments that diminishes in diameter probably both by contraction and disassembly as cytokinesis proceeds.
Indentation
H. Cleavage furrow
The cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process cell division.
Lump of abnormal cells
I. Tumor
Made of microtubules
H. Spindle
A Spindle is a collection of minute fibers composed of microtubules, which are prominent during cell division, as mitotic spindle or mitotic apparatus''.
Divides plant cells
G. Cell plate
Which of the following is not true of HeLa cells?
C. They are used only in the lab where they were first isolated.
HeLa cell, a cancerous cell belonging to a strain continuously cultured since its isolation in 1951 from a patient suffering from cervical carcinoma. The designation HeLa is derived from the name of the patient, Henrietta Lacks. HeLa cells were the first human cell line to be established and have been widely used in laboratory studies, especially in research on viruses, cancer, and human genetics.
HeLa cells were first isolated and cultured in
C. 1951
For which of the following processes is meiosis the mechanism?
C. Sexual reproduction
Which group of organisms does not perform meiosis?
D. Bacteria
In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during
C. S
G1, S (Synthesis) and G2 are subphases of Interphase.
A cell is found with its chromosomes not replicated. What stage could it be in?
C. G1
G1, S (Synthesis) and G2 are subphases of Interphase.
Which of the following is not part of mitosis?
E. Cytoplasmic division
In the process called cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are formed.
The separation of sister chromatids occurs in
E. Anaphase
In anaphase, the paired chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate and begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Spindle fibers not connected to chromatids lengthen and elongate the cell. At the end of anaphase, each pole contains a complete compilation of
chromosomes.
What structural component of plant cells prohibits a cleavage furrow?
D. Cell wall
The cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process cell division.
Which of the following terms is not significant in describing animal cell division?
B. Vesicles from the Golgi body
The Golgi complex gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell.
Which of the following is not true of an oncogene?
D. All these are true of oncogenes.
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are often mutated or expressed at high levels.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant cells?
B. Have a normal chromosome number.
Approximately what percentage of deaths in developed countries is due to cancer?
D. 15%
In sexual reproduction, what percentage of an individual's genes is passed to their offspring?
B. 50%
In humans, how many alleles can exist for a given gene?
D. 100s
Compared to asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction produces offspring that are
A. Of greater variety
Which of the following is not true of meiosis?
E. It increases the chromosome number of the resulting cells.
In meiosis, exchange of chromosomal parts occurs in
B. Prophase I.
Which of the following is not true of taxol?
A. It was made from HeLa cells.
Taxol is a compound, originally obtained from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, that has been found to inhibit the growth of certain cancers.
When cells were taken from Henrietta Lacks
D. Consent was not obtained to take them.
A specialized subunit within a cell that has a
specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its own
lipid bilayer.
An organelle
The first human born via in vitro fertilization was in
B. 1978
How many children have been born via in vitro fertilization?
A. Over 3,000,000
Parthenogenesis is an example of
C. Asexual reproduction
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.
Mesoderm is
B. The primary tissue layer that forms the muscle
In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
Which is not true of testes?
E. They function best when slightly above body temperature.
Which of the following is not haploid?
C. Primary spermatocyte.
Haploid is the term used when a cell has only one set of chromosomes.
Primary spermatocytes are diploid (2N) cells containing 46 chromosomes and after Meiosis I division two secondary spermatocytes are formed.
Which of the following does not occur in the follicular phase?
B. Corpus luteum activity
The corpus luteum develops from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle, following the release of a secondary oocyte from the follicle during ovulation.
The follicular phase is the phase of the estrous cycle, (or, in humans and great apes, the menstrual cycle) during which follicles in the ovary mature.
Which of the following is not a common predictor of erectile dysfunction?
D. Being a teenager.
Which of the following is a typical number of sperm to enter the vagina upon ejaculation?
E. 200,000,000
What percentage of couples in the United States is infertile?
C. 10%
Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?
A. Genital herpes
Fertilization typically occurs in the
E. Oviduct
Which structure is the outermost?
B. Chorionic villi
In humans, how long after fertilization is optimal for birth?
E. 38 weeks
Which hormone drives labor?
C. Oxytocin
Breast milk does not contain
D. Hormones
Through a 2009 IVF procedure, Nadya Suleman had how many babies at once?
C. 8
All of the following are more likely with a multiple pregnancy, except
C. All these are more likely.
Colony collapse disorder (CCD) has been dramatically reducing populations of ____.
E. Honeybees
What percentage of global crops depends on bees for pollination?
B. 50%
Which of the following is NOT true of the carpel?
B. It has pollen sacs.
The carpel is the female reproductive organ of flowering plants, consisting of an
ovary, style (sometimes absent), and stigma. The carpels are separate or
fused to form a single pistil
Which of the following is missing from a complete flower?
D. None of these are missing.
A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants).
Carpels are one of the individual female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma, although some flowers have carpels without a distinct style.
The stamen (plural stamina or stamens is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower.
A petal is each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically colored.
When we eat a seed, the embryo contains most of the
D. Protein and vitamins
A colorful, fleshy fruit is most likely to be dispersed by
A. Being eaten by animals
The coleoptile protects the
B. Embryonic shoot tips of monocots
Coleoptile is the pointed protective sheath covering the emerging shoot in monocotyledons such as grasses.
The Eudicots, Eudicotidae or Eudicotyledons are a monophyletic clade of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors.
Monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (or angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots.
What sort of dormancy breaking is exhibited by the seeds of equatorial plants?
B. No dormancy
Which of the following is required for germination in all seeds?
D. Water
Which of the following is not true of grafting?
B. It just requires sticking a broken stem in the soil.
The good feature of triploid plants is that they
A. Make seedless fruit
Triploid plants are whose three sets of chromosomes prevent meiosis from taking place and thus the plants cannot produce fertile gametes.
Which plant hormone is naturally a gas?
D. Ethylene
Exposure to a specific hormone results in a plant that is very tall and spindly. The hormone is likely
D. Gibberellin
Which of the following is not true of auxin?
B. It is evenly distributed throughout plants.
Phototropism is caused by
C. Auxin moving to the dark side of the plant
Statoliths aid in the detection of
C. Gravity
Which of the following statements is not true?
C. Cryptochromes and phytochromes are the only circadian pigments.
Vernalization means that plants will only flower if they are exposed to
A. Prolonged periods of cold
Scientists suspect that colony collapse disorder is caused by which natural factor?
A. All these contribute.
What human factor may be partly responsible for CCD?
A. Pesticides
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or European honey bee colony abruptly disappear.
The arrival of pollen grains on a receptive stigma is called ____.
pollination
A pollinator may receive ____ when it visits a flower of a coevolved plant (choose all that apply).
a. pollen
b. nectar
c. pesticides
d. fruit
a. pollen
b. nectar
c. pesticides
The ____ of a flower contains one or more ovaries in which eggs develop, fertilization occurs, and seeds mature.
carpel
In plants, the structures that produce male gametophytes are called ____; those that produce female gametophytes are called ____.
B. stamens; carpels
Seeds are mature ____; fruits are mature ____.
D. ovules; ovaries
Cotyledons develop as part of ____.
C. embryo sporophytes
A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant.
In some species, exposure to ____ is a trigger for seed germination.
A. all can be triggers
The three main parts of a mature eudicot seed are the ____.
A. embryo, cotyledons, and seed coat
A new plant forms from a stem that broke off of the parent plant and fell to the ground. This is an example of ____.
D. asexual reproduction
Banana plants produce seedless fruit because they are ____.
D. triploid
Plant hormones ____.
D. all of these
In some plants, flowering is a response.
B. photoperiodic
Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night.
Which of the following statements is false?
D. Abscisic acid promotes water loss and dormancy.
ABA was originally believed to be involved in abscission. This is now known to be the case only in a small number of plants.
ABA-mediated signalling also plays an important part in plant responses
to environmental stress and plant pathogens.
Blue light
Phototropism
Gravity
Gravitropism
Mechanical stimulation
Thigmotropism
Night length
Photoperiodism
A long period of cold
Vernalization
The last of your apples is getting really mushy.
Ethylene
Lateral buds are sprouting.
Cytokinin
The potted plant in your room is leaning toward the window.
Auxin
Your cabbage plants bolt (they form elongated flowering stalks).
Gibberellin
The seeds of your roommate's marijuana plant do not germinate no matter what he does to them.
Abscisic acid
Author
Dienekes
ID
269681
Card Set
Cellular Biology
Description
Includes Cell Structure, Energy and Metabolism, How Cells Reproduce, Reproduction and Development, and Plant Reproduction and Development.
