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Pathos
suffering; disease
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What is pathology?
the study of molecular, biochemical, functional, and morphological changes in cells, tissues, or organs in response to injury.
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Define disease
"loss of ease"; a departure from normal
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pathogenesis
steps of how a disease develops
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What does Pathology do?
- Bridges the gap between the basic sciences and the clinical sciences.
- Studies structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs.
- Explains how/why clinical signs of disease are manifested.
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There are a limited number of types and mechanisms of injury. Cells generally respond in one of 4 ways to injury:
- They get bigger (hypertrophy)
- They get smaller (atrophy)
- They proliferate (hyperplasia or neoplasia)
- They die (necrosis or autolysis)
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Describe cardiac hypertrophy.
The number of myocardial fibers does not increase, but their size can increase in response to an increased workload.
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atrophy
reduced size but not a reduction in number of cells/fibers. Was once at a normal size.
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Mesenchymal tissue does not tend to undergo _______________ as much as epithelial tissue.
hyperplasia
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Stroma means what type of tissue?
mesenchymal
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What type of cell/tissue death occurs in live patients?
necrosis
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What type of cell death occurs in dead patients?
autolysis
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human to human observation of the dead
autopsy
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human to other species observation of the dead
necropsy
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neoplastic
uncontrolled new growth
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Cell___________ and cell___________are 2 biomedical phenomena responsible for up to 70% of human morbidity and mortality in the US.
- proliferation
- death
- (either hyperplastic or neoplastic)
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Myocardial infarction
- heart attack
- loss of blood supply to myocardial fibers, typically coronary arteries are blocked.
- 40% of animal death
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cerebrovascular accident
- loss of blood to the brain
- stroke
- 10% of animal death
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What is the focus of General pathology?
- cellular and tissue levels
- all organs
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What is the focus of systemic pathology?
- organ-system level
- focuses on the organ(s) of a particular system
- ex. respiratory system
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morphology
the study of structure, size, shape
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What are the 4 aspects of a disease process that forms the core of pathology?
- etiology
- pathogenesis
- morphologic changes
- clinical significance
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etiology
primary cause of disease
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mechanisms of development of a lesion or disease process.
pathogenesis
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structural alterations within cells, organs, or tissues associated with disease processes.
morphological changes
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functional consequences of morphological changes.
clinical significance
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We emphasize understanding etiology, pathogenesis, and tissue changes in terms of what?
- basic science
- clinical relevance
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Describe the difference between clinical sign and symptom.
- Symptom is subjective-something associated with the disease process used to describe.
- Clinical sign is objective-measurable or observable by third party.
- And syndrome is the overlapping of the 2.
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What 2 ways is etiology described?
- intrinsic factors
- acquired factors
- There is a degree of overlap between the 2. Etiologies that are complex and multifactoral, often involving gene-environmental interactions. (ex. obesity, artherosclerosis)
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What are intrinsic factors?
familial/genetic factors
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What are acquired factors?
infectious, nutritional, chemical, physical
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*The study of pathogenesis is one of the main domains of pathology. What is the reason?
- The sequence of events in the response of cells and tissues to etiologic agents.
- Progresses from initiation of stimulus to expression of disease.
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Define lesion.
- An abnormality or interruption of normal structure or function, or both.
- wide range of overlap with very few "pathognomonic" lesions
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Diagnostic for a particular disease; a particular sign whose presence means (beyond any doubt) that a particular disease is present.
- pathognomonic
- singular pathognomonic are relatively uncommon
- ex koplik's spots in the mouth (measles)
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describe necrosis vs. apoptosis
- necrosis is passive cell death that invokes inflammatory response.
- apoptosis is programmed cell death that doesnt invoke inflammatory response.
- Both are antimortem phenomena.
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Describe morphologic diagnosis.
- descriptive name for a lesion or disease process
- encompasses size, distribution, severity, time frame, organ affected, process type
- ex. Canine, small intestine, enteritis, hemorrhagic, severe, segmental, acute
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Typhlitis
cecum inflammation
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segmental
- multifocal in a tubular organ
- ex repro tract, intestinal tract
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Describe etiologic diagnosis.
describe lesions and proclaim an etiologic agent (ex. viral enteritis)
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Describe disease diagnosis.
A specific diagnosis that names the disease (parvovirus)
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types of mechanisms of disease (lumps all organs together)
General pathology
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What are the types of pathology?
- General
- Systemic
- Anatomic
- Morphologic
- Clinical
- Forensic
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departure from ease; departure from normal function
Disease
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define pathology
the study of molecular, biochemical, functional, and morphologic changes in fluids, cells, tissues and organs in response to injury.
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a change or discomfort or pain caused by disease that can be described to a clinician.
clinical symptom
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changes in behavior, excretion, secretion, or body condition that can be observed and/or measured by a clinician
clinical signs
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An abnormal state of body chemistry, cells, or tissues. May be functional or morphological or both. One of the most common terms in pathology.
lesion
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the cause of a disease state. may be bacterial, viral, toxic, etc
etiology
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the step by step progression of a lesion from the normal state to a diseased one; concerns the mechanisms rather than the causes.
pathogenesis
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the prediction of the outcome of a disease; must understand pathogenesis for accuracy.
prognosis
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"Coming sharply to a climax"; changes (good or bad) occuring rapidly; doesnt mean severe, although many are severe; in real time, can mean anything from minutes to a few days.
acute
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Means long lasting; in real time, usually refers to weeks, months or years
chronic
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"Not very acute"; imprecise, but handy to describe certain clinical situations.
subacute
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Define differential diagnosis.
the exercise of listing (in an orderly fashion) all the possible diagnosis of a given condition; usually listed from most likely to least.
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What are the 2 suffixes for pathological condition?
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TeN DiSC SPaCeS
- T-tissue name or type
- N-number of lesions; gives estimate of severity
- D-distribution of lesions; focal, diffuse, focal to coalescing
- S-size of lesion(always metric)
- C-consistency; firm, fleshy, hard, soft, fluctuant
- S-shape; nodular, multinodular, umbilicated, paque
- P-pattern; relation to landmark (cranial ventral, bilateral, symmetrical)
- C-color
- S-special features (filled with pus/blood)
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