Which of the following is not true of the consumption of hydrogenated vegetable oil?
B) All these are true of consuming hydrogenated vegetable oil.
The atomic number of an atom is based on the number of
C) Protons
Which of the following is not true of ions?
E) All these are true.
Which of the following is not true of ionic bonds?
A) They involve the sharing of electrons.
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
Which of the following accurately represents the relative sizes and positions of the atoms in a molecule?
A) Structural model
Which of the following is not true of substances that dissolve in water?
E) They are nonpolar molecules.
The cohesion that exists between water molecules is due to
C) Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is not true of acids?
A) All these are true of acids.
How many more hydrogen ions are present in a solution of pH 3 compared to a solution of pH 6?
A) 1000 times.
Each change in pH is a factor of 10, so 1 change (from 3 to 4) has 10x, the next change (3 to 5) has 100x, and another change (3 to 6) has 1000x.
Which of the following is not true of organic molecules?
A) They have elements unique to living things.
Metabolism does not include
C) All these are part of metabolism.
Which of the following is not a complex carbohydrate?
C) Glucose.
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio
C) 1:2:1
Which is true of saturated fats?
B) They are mainly triglycerides.
Phospholipids are
A) Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Amino acids vary from each other in their
B) R group
Which of the following cannot impact protein shape?
E) All these may alter protein shape.
Which of the following is not part of a nucleotide?
C) Carboxyl group.
Both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are made up of nucleotides which consist of three parts: Nitrogenous Base, Pentose Sugar, and Phosphate Group.
The carboxyl group is an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Which of the following is not a role of nucleotides?
A) Insulator
Nucleotides have many functional roles the first one would be that they
are components of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), carriers of chemical energy
in the cell (eg., ATP, GTP), components of cofactors (eg., NAD, FAD),
they are also Intermediates in cellular communication and signal
transduction (eg., cAMP, cGMP), and last but not least, donor
substrates for glycobiology (eg. UDPG).
Which of the following is not true of trans-fatty acids?
B) Their presence is accurately represented on product labels.
Set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH.
Buffer
A type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails.
Steroids
Tough, insoluble carbohydrate that is the major structural material in plants.
Cellulose
Molecule that consists of multiple monomers.
Polymers
Atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons
Ions
Substance that releases hydrogen ions in water.
Acids
Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water.
Hydrophobic
Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an
amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom.
Amino acid
Transition of a liquid to a vapor.
Evaporation
Molecule that is a subunit of polymers.
Monomers
Liquid that can dissolve other substances.
Solvent
Positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms.
Protons
Electrical property; opposite charges attract, and like charges repel.
Charge
Substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water.
Bases
Regarding a biological molecule, to become so altered in shape that some or all function is lost.
Denature
Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides).
Proteins
A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons.
Elements
Negatively charged subatomic particle.
Electrons
Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Carbohydrates
Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water.
Hydrophilic
Describes a molecule that consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Organic
Of an isotope, the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus
Mass number
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits;
consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix.
DNA
Fat that consists mainly of triglycerides with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails.
Unsaturated fats
Property of a substance that arises from the tendency of its molecules to resist separating from one another
Cohesion
Ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH− when it dissolves in water.
Salt
Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
Solution
Lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acid tails.
Fats
Measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a fluid
pH
Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end.
Fatty acids
Infectious protein.
Prion
Uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus.
Neutrons
Molecule that consists of multiple monomers.
Enzymes
Fat that consists mainly of triglycerides with three saturated fatty acid tails.
Saturated fats
A dissolved substance.
Solute
A lipid with a phosphate in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails.
Phospholipid
Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar–phosphate bonds; DNA or RNA.
Nucleic acids
Atom with an unpaired electron
Free radicals
Type of chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons
Covalent bond
Core of an atom; occupied by protons and neutrons.
Nucleus
Number of protons in the atomic nucleus; determines the element.
Atomic number
Attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond.
Hydrogen bond
Water-repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.
Wax
A fat that has three fatty acid tails.
Triglyceride
Measure of molecular motion.
Temperature
Molecule that has atoms of more than one element
Compound
Type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge
Ionic bond
Ribonucleic acid. Some types have roles in protein synthesis
RNA
Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions.
Polarity
Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry.
Isotopes
Isotope with an unstable nucleus
Radioisotope
Adenosine triphosphate: nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, three phosphate groups.
ATP
Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound.
Lipids
Small organic compound that consists of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphate groups.
Nucleotides
A molecule with a detectable component.
Tracers
Double layer of lipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes.
Lipid bilayers
A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in proteins
Peptide bond
Process by which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy and subatomic particles when their nucleus spontaneously disintegrates
Radioactive decay
An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact.
Chemical bond
Model of electron distribution in an atom.
Shell models
The amount of molecules or ions per unit volume of a solution.
Concentration
All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules.
Metabolism
Process of molecular change.
Reactions
Ethanol is detoxified by the
D) Liver
The tendency of energy to disperse describes the
D) Second law of thermodynamics
Most of the energy that fuels life on Earth comes from
C) The sun
Living things do not use energy to
B) Living things use energy for all these things.
Which of the following is not true of the products in a chemical reaction, compared to the reactants?
A) They have more atoms.
The input of energy required to get a chemical reaction started is best described as the
B) Activation energy
In chemical reactions, cells do not expend energy to produce
C) Carbon dioxide.
An enzyme's active site will match the substrate with regard to
D) All of these
An enzyme that is denatured is
E) No longer functional, as it has had its shape changed
In a metabolic pathway, the product of enzyme two inhibits the activity of enzyme one. This is an example of
C) Feedback inhibition
Electron transfer chains allow electrons to release their energy
D) Gradually and in stages.
Which of the following does not play a role in diffusion?
C) All these play a role in diffusion.
A cell has a higher concentration of solute than its surrounding solution. Which is not true?
D) The cell will lose water to its surrounding solution.
Which type of cell is structurally least tolerant of a hypotonic environment?
D) Animal
Which of the following can diffuse with some efficiency across the phospholipid bilayer?
B) Water
Active transport does not
A) Active transport does all of these things.
Phagocytosis is a form of
A) Endocytosis
Alcohol dehydrogenase
A) Makes acetaldehyde
Alcohol dehydrogenases are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Which of the following is not a symptom of cirrhosis of the liver?
C) All these are symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver.
Smallest unit of life.
Cell
Analogous system used for testing hypotheses.
Model
Organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms.
Consumers
A community interacting with its environment.
Ecosystem
Organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus.
Eukaryotes
Substance that an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make for itself.
Nutrient
A test designed to support or falsify a prediction.
Experiments
Generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon that has an incomplete scientific explanation.
Law of nature
All populations of all species in a given area.
Community
Two or more atoms bonded together.
Molecules
Scope of variation among living organisms.
Biodiversity
Statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct.
Prediction
The scientific study of life.
Biology
Process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult.
Development
Member of the most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.
Bacteria
Organism that makes its own food using energy and nonbiological raw materials from the environment.
Producers
Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that live in a given area.
Population
A characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time.
Variables
Group of organisms that share a unique set of traits.
Taxon
Member of a diverse group of simple eukaryotes.
Protists
Protists are a large and diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms, which belong to the kingdom Protista. There have been
attempts to remove the kingdom from the taxonomy but it is still very much in use.
The chance that a particular outcome of an event will occur; depends on the total number of outcomes possible.
Probability
Multicelled eukaryotic consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life.
Animals
Difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group.
Sampling error
Transmission of DNA to offspring.
Inheritance
Judging information before accepting it.
Critical thinking
A group of species that share a unique set of traits.
Genus
Fundamental building block of all matter.
Atoms
Testable explanation of a natural phenomenon.
Hypothesis
Member of a group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria.
Archaea
Archaebacteria are microorganisms that are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of structure but radically different in molecular organization. They are now believed to constitute an ancient intermediate group between the bacteria and eukaryotes.
Values or other factual information obtained from experiments or surveys.
Data
Unique type of organism.
Species
Refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Statistically significant
Process by which parents produce offspring.
Reproduction
Single-celled or multicelled eukaryotic consumer that breaks down material outside
itself, then absorbs nutrients released from the breakdown.
Fungi
The science of naming and classifying species.
Taxonomy
Process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis
Systematically making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses.
Scientific method
Hypothesis that has not been disproved after many years of rigorous testing.
Scientific theory
Individual that consists of one or more cells.
Organism
Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries hereditary information that guides development and functioning.
DNA
In an experiment, a group of individuals who are not exposed to the variable being tested.
Control Group
Double-membraned sac that encloses a cell's DNA.
Nucleus
In an experiment, a group of individuals who are exposed to a variable.
Experimental group
Systematic study of the observable world.
Science
Process in which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding to change.
Homeostasis
A multicelled, typically photosynthetic eukaryote.
Plants
All regions of Earth where organisms live.
Biosphere
In multicelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells.
Growth
Single-celled organism without a nucleus.
Prokaryotes
Which of the following is not true of photosynthetic organisms?
E) They are heterotrophs.
Carbon dioxide is not released to the atmosphere by burning
E) All these release carbon dioxide when burned.
Which of the following has the longest wavelength?
C) Red light
Which of these pigments are best at absorbing green light?
B) Phycoerythrobilin
Chlorophyll a is the most common photosynthetic pigment in plants, and also in photosynthetic protists and bacteria. Chlorophyll a absorbs violet, red, and orange light, so it appears green to us.
Which of the following are products of photosynthesis?
D) Oxygen and glucose
Which of the following is not a product of light-dependent reactions?
A) Glucose.
The products of the light independent reactions of photosynthesis are essentially glucose and energy. These reactions, at the end, convert carbon dioxide and water, along with other compounds in some cases, to glucose and water. These reactions take the products of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis and process them further. The light independent reactions are referred to as the Calvin cycle. Even though they are referred to as the light independent reactions, they do not take place unless there is light.
Chloroplast DNA is found in the
D) Stroma
Stroma: the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels.
Which of the following does not come from water in light-dependent reactions?
D) NADPH.
The light-dependent reactions, or photoreduction, is the first stage of photosynthesis, is a process by which plants capture and store energy from sunlight. In this process, light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH.
How many photosystems do the electrons pass through?
B) 2
Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. They are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria (in plants and algae these are located in the chloroplasts), or in the cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria.
Which of the following does not directly impact the concentration of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid compartment?
C) Making NADPH.
NADP+ is a coenzyme used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+. NADP+ differs from NAD+ in the presence of an additional phosphate group on the 2' position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety.
How many carbons are fixed in each turn of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
C) 1
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes.
There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.
Which of the following is not true of CAM plants?
D) Carbon fixation occurs in two cells.
Carbon fixation occurs in two cells in C4 plants, not CAM plants.
Which of the following is not true of glycolysis?
A) All these are true of glycolysis.
By the end of aerobic respiration, the carbons of glucose can be found in
D) Carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then
Which of the following is not true of alcoholic fermentation?
A) It requires oxygen.
It is not true that red muscle fibers
D) Make ATP mostly by lactate fermentation
Which of the following is the most energy dense?
E) Fat.
Which of the following cannot be modified to make intermediates of glycolysis?
E) Proteins.
The rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels corresponded with the beginning of
D) The industrial revolution
The biological impacts of global warming do not include
B) All these are impacts of global warming.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
D) Free radicals are dangerous because they emit energy.
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell.
What is the name of an atom that has one proton and no electrons?
Hydrogen ion
The mutual attraction of opposite charges holds atoms together as molecules in a(n) _______ bond.
A) ionic
Rank the following types of bonds by polarity, with 1 being the least polar, and 3 being the most polar:
A) ionic
B) polar covalent
C) nonpolar covalent
1) nonpolar covalent
2) polar covalent
3) ionic
A(n) ________ substance repels water.
C) hydrophobic
When dissolved in water, a(n) ____ donates H+ and a(n) ____ accepts H+.
C) acid; base
______ is a simple sugar (a monosaccharide).
B) Glucose, Sucrose and Ribose
Unlike saturated fats, the fatty acid tails of unsaturated fats incorporate one or more ____.
B) double bonds
Which of the following is a class of molecules that encompasses all of the other molecules listed?
B) Lipids
____ are to proteins as ____ are to nucleic acids.
B) Amino acids; nucleotides
A denatured protein has lost its _____.
B) all of these
Which of the following are not found in DNA?
D) amino acids
____ is life's primary source of energy.
B) Sunlight
Which of the following statements is not correct?
C) Energy cannot change from one form to another.
If we liken a chemical reaction to an energy hill, then an reaction is an uphill run.
D) both energy-requiring and ATP-assisted
_____ are always changed by participating in a reaction. (Choose all that are correct.)
A) Enzymes
B) Cofactors
C) Reactants
D) Active sites
C) Reactants
Enzymes ____.
B) are proteins, except for a few RNAs and lower the activation energy of a reaction
One environmental factor that influences enzyme function is ____.
B) temperature
A metabolic pathway ____.
B) all of these
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A) Glucose can diffuse through a lipid bilayer.
Ions or molecules tend to diffuse from a region where they are ____ concentrated to another where they are ____ concentrated.
More, less
____ cannot easily diffuse across a lipid bilayer.
C) Ions
Transporters that require an energy boost help sodium ions across a cell membrane. This is a case of ____.
B) active transport
If you immerse a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, water will ___.
A) diffuse into the cell
Hypotonic is defined as having a lesser osmotic pressure in a fluid compared to another fluid. If a solution is hypotonic, that means it has a lower concentration of solution (with a higher concentration of water) than the cell, then water will defuse into the cell. If the solution were hypertonic, then the water concentration would lower (with a higher solute concentration), so water will defuse out of the cell.
Fluid pressure against a wall or cell membrane is called ____.
B) turgor
Vesicles form in ___.
C) endocytosis and phagocytosis
In a land plant, most of the carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis comes from ___ .
A) the atmosphere
___ is/are the main energy source that drives photosynthesis.
A) Sunlight
In the light-dependent reactions, ____.
C) ATP forms
When a photosystem absorbs light, ____.
D) it ejects electrons
The atoms in the oxygen molecules released during photosynthesis come from ____.
D) water
Is the following statement true or false? Plants make all of their ATP by photosynthesis.
True
False
False
After photosynthesis evolved, its by-product, ____, accumulated and changed the atmosphere.
Oxygen
Glycolysis starts and ends in the ____.
A) cytoplasm
The Calvin–Benson cycle starts when ____.
B) electrons leave a photosystem
In eukaryotes, aerobic respiration is completed in the ____.
B) mitochondrion
In eukaryotes, fermentation is completed in the ____.
A) cytoplasm
In the third stage of aerobic respiration, ____ is the final acceptor of electrons.
D) oxygen
Which of the following is not produced by an animal muscle cell operating under anaerobic conditions?
E) All are produced
Hydrogen ion flow drives ATP formation during ____.
D) photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
Your body cells can use ___ as an alternative energy source when glucose is in short supply.
